#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""OpenGL related helper functions.
"""
# Part of the PsychoPy library
# Copyright (C) 2002-2018 Jonathan Peirce (C) 2019-2024 Open Science Tools Ltd.
# Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
__all__ = [
'createProgram',
'createProgramObjectARB',
'compileShader',
'compileShaderObjectARB',
'embedShaderSourceDefs',
'deleteObject',
'deleteObjectARB',
'attachShader',
'attachObjectARB',
'detachShader',
'detachObjectARB',
'linkProgram',
'linkProgramObjectARB',
'validateProgram',
'validateProgramARB',
'useProgram',
'useProgramObjectARB',
'getInfoLog',
'getUniformLocations',
'getAttribLocations',
'createQueryObject',
'QueryObjectInfo',
'beginQuery',
'endQuery',
'getQuery',
'getAbsTimeGPU',
'createFBO',
'attach',
'isComplete',
'deleteFBO',
'blitFBO',
'useFBO',
'createRenderbuffer',
'deleteRenderbuffer',
'createTexImage2D',
'createTexImage2DMultisample',
'deleteTexture',
'VertexArrayInfo',
'createVAO',
'drawVAO',
'deleteVAO',
'VertexBufferInfo',
'createVBO',
'bindVBO',
'unbindVBO',
'mapBuffer',
'unmapBuffer',
'deleteVBO',
'setVertexAttribPointer',
'enableVertexAttribArray',
'disableVertexAttribArray',
'createMaterial',
'useMaterial',
'createLight',
'useLights',
'setAmbientLight',
'ObjMeshInfo',
'loadObjFile',
'loadMtlFile',
'createUVSphere',
'createPlane',
'createMeshGridFromArrays',
'createMeshGrid',
'createBox',
'transformMeshPosOri',
'calculateVertexNormals',
'getIntegerv',
'getFloatv',
'getString',
'getOpenGLInfo',
'createTexImage2D',
'createTexImage2dFromFile',
'bindTexture',
'unbindTexture',
'createCubeMap',
'TexCubeMap',
'getModelViewMatrix',
'getProjectionMatrix'
]
import ctypes
from io import StringIO
from collections import namedtuple
import pyglet.gl as GL # using Pyglet for now
from contextlib import contextmanager
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
import os
import sys
import platform
import warnings
import psychopy.tools.mathtools as mt
from psychopy.visual.helpers import setColor, findImageFile
_thisPlatform = platform.system()
# create a query counter to get absolute GPU time
QUERY_COUNTER = None # prevent genQueries from being called
# compatible Numpy and OpenGL types for common GL type enums
GL_COMPAT_TYPES = {
GL.GL_FLOAT: (np.float32, GL.GLfloat),
GL.GL_DOUBLE: (np.float64, GL.GLdouble),
GL.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT: (np.uint16, GL.GLushort),
GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT: (np.uint32, GL.GLuint),
GL.GL_INT: (np.int32, GL.GLint),
GL.GL_SHORT: (np.int16, GL.GLshort),
GL.GL_HALF_FLOAT: (np.float16, GL.GLhalfARB),
GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE: (np.uint8, GL.GLubyte),
GL.GL_BYTE: (np.int8, GL.GLbyte),
np.float32: (GL.GL_FLOAT, GL.GLfloat),
np.float64: (GL.GL_DOUBLE, GL.GLdouble),
np.uint16: (GL.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, GL.GLushort),
np.uint32: (GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, GL.GLuint),
np.int32: (GL.GL_INT, GL.GLint),
np.int16: (GL.GL_SHORT, GL.GLshort),
np.float16: (GL.GL_HALF_FLOAT, GL.GLhalfARB),
np.uint8: (GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL.GLubyte),
np.int8: (GL.GL_BYTE, GL.GLbyte)
}
# -------------------------------
# Shader Program Helper Functions
# -------------------------------
#
[docs]def createProgram():
"""Create an empty program object for shaders.
Returns
-------
int
OpenGL program object handle retrieved from a `glCreateProgram` call.
Examples
--------
Building a program with vertex and fragment shader attachments::
myProgram = createProgram() # new shader object
# compile vertex and fragment shader sources
vertexShader = compileShader(vertShaderSource, GL.GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
fragmentShader = compileShader(fragShaderSource, GL.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
# attach shaders to program
attachShader(myProgram, vertexShader)
attachShader(myProgram, fragmentShader)
# link the shader, makes `myProgram` attachments executable by their
# respective processors and available for use
linkProgram(myProgram)
# optional, validate the program
validateProgram(myProgram)
# optional, detach and discard shader objects
detachShader(myProgram, vertexShader)
detachShader(myProgram, fragmentShader)
deleteObject(vertexShader)
deleteObject(fragmentShader)
You can install the program for use in the current rendering state by
calling::
useProgram(myShader) # OR glUseProgram(myShader)
# set uniforms/attributes and start drawing here ...
"""
return GL.glCreateProgram()
[docs]def createProgramObjectARB():
"""Create an empty program object for shaders.
This creates an *Architecture Review Board* (ARB) program variant which is
compatible with older GLSL versions and OpenGL coding practices (eg.
immediate mode) on some platforms. Use *ARB variants of shader helper
functions (eg. `compileShaderObjectARB` instead of `compileShader`) when
working with these ARB program objects. This was included for legacy support
of existing PsychoPy shaders. However, it is recommended that you use
:func:`createShader` and follow more recent OpenGL design patterns for new
code (if possible of course).
Returns
-------
int
OpenGL program object handle retrieved from a `glCreateProgramObjectARB`
call.
Examples
--------
Building a program with vertex and fragment shader attachments::
myProgram = createProgramObjectARB() # new shader object
# compile vertex and fragment shader sources
vertexShader = compileShaderObjectARB(
vertShaderSource, GL.GL_VERTEX_SHADER_ARB)
fragmentShader = compileShaderObjectARB(
fragShaderSource, GL.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ARB)
# attach shaders to program
attachObjectARB(myProgram, vertexShader)
attachObjectARB(myProgram, fragmentShader)
# link the shader, makes `myProgram` attachments executable by their
# respective processors and available for use
linkProgramObjectARB(myProgram)
# optional, validate the program
validateProgramARB(myProgram)
# optional, detach and discard shader objects
detachObjectARB(myProgram, vertexShader)
detachObjectARB(myProgram, fragmentShader)
deleteObjectARB(vertexShader)
deleteObjectARB(fragmentShader)
Use the program in the current OpenGL state::
useProgramObjectARB(myProgram)
"""
return GL.glCreateProgramObjectARB()
[docs]def compileShader(shaderSrc, shaderType):
"""Compile shader GLSL code and return a shader object. Shader objects can
then be attached to programs an made executable on their respective
processors.
Parameters
----------
shaderSrc : str, list of str
GLSL shader source code.
shaderType : GLenum
Shader program type (eg. `GL_VERTEX_SHADER`, `GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER`,
`GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER`, etc.)
Returns
-------
int
OpenGL shader object handle retrieved from a `glCreateShader` call.
Examples
--------
Compiling GLSL source code and attaching it to a program object::
# GLSL vertex shader source
vertexSource = \
'''
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 vertexPos;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(vertexPos, 1.0);
}
'''
# compile it, specifying `GL_VERTEX_SHADER`
vertexShader = compileShader(vertexSource, GL.GL_VERTEX_SHADER)
attachShader(myProgram, vertexShader) # attach it to `myProgram`
"""
shaderId = GL.glCreateShader(shaderType)
if isinstance(shaderSrc, (list, tuple,)):
nSources = len(shaderSrc)
srcPtr = (ctypes.c_char_p * nSources)()
srcPtr[:] = [i.encode() for i in shaderSrc]
else:
nSources = 1
srcPtr = ctypes.c_char_p(shaderSrc.encode())
GL.glShaderSource(
shaderId,
nSources,
ctypes.cast(
ctypes.byref(srcPtr),
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))),
None)
GL.glCompileShader(shaderId)
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetShaderiv(
shaderId, GL.GL_COMPILE_STATUS, ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE: # failed to compile for whatever reason
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(shaderId) + '\n')
deleteObject(shaderId)
raise RuntimeError("Shader compilation failed, check log output.")
return shaderId
[docs]def compileShaderObjectARB(shaderSrc, shaderType):
"""Compile shader GLSL code and return a shader object. Shader objects can
then be attached to programs an made executable on their respective
processors.
Parameters
----------
shaderSrc : str, list of str
GLSL shader source code text.
shaderType : GLenum
Shader program type. Must be `*_ARB` enums such as `GL_VERTEX_SHADER_ARB`,
`GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ARB`, `GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER_ARB`, etc.
Returns
-------
int
OpenGL shader object handle retrieved from a `glCreateShaderObjectARB`
call.
"""
shaderId = GL.glCreateShaderObjectARB(shaderType)
if isinstance(shaderSrc, (list, tuple,)):
nSources = len(shaderSrc)
srcPtr = (ctypes.c_char_p * nSources)()
srcPtr[:] = [i.encode() for i in shaderSrc]
else:
nSources = 1
srcPtr = ctypes.c_char_p(shaderSrc.encode())
GL.glShaderSourceARB(
shaderId,
nSources,
ctypes.cast(
ctypes.byref(srcPtr),
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))),
None)
GL.glCompileShaderARB(shaderId)
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetObjectParameterivARB(
shaderId, GL.GL_OBJECT_COMPILE_STATUS_ARB, ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE: # failed to compile for whatever reason
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(shaderId) + '\n')
deleteObjectARB(shaderId)
raise RuntimeError("Shader compilation failed, check log output.")
return shaderId
[docs]def embedShaderSourceDefs(shaderSrc, defs):
"""Embed preprocessor definitions into GLSL source code.
This function generates and inserts ``#define`` statements into existing
GLSL source code, allowing one to use GLSL preprocessor statements to alter
program source at compile time.
Passing ``{'MAX_LIGHTS': 8, 'NORMAL_MAP': False}`` to `defs` will create and
insert the following ``#define`` statements into `shaderSrc`::
#define MAX_LIGHTS 8
#define NORMAL_MAP 0
As per the GLSL specification, the ``#version`` directive must be specified
at the top of the file before any other statement (with the exception of
comments). If a ``#version`` directive is present, generated ``#define``
statements will be inserted starting at the following line. If no
``#version`` directive is found in `shaderSrc`, the statements will be
prepended to `shaderSrc`.
Using preprocessor directives, multiple shader program routines can reside
in the same source text if enclosed by ``#ifdef`` and ``#endif`` statements
as shown here::
#ifdef VERTEX
// vertex shader code here ...
#endif
#ifdef FRAGMENT
// pixel shader code here ...
#endif
Both the vertex and fragment shader can be built from the same GLSL code
listing by setting either ``VERTEX`` or ``FRAGMENT`` as `True`::
vertexShader = gltools.compileShaderObjectARB(
gltools.embedShaderSourceDefs(glslSource, {'VERTEX': True}),
GL.GL_VERTEX_SHADER_ARB)
fragmentShader = gltools.compileShaderObjectARB(
gltools.embedShaderSourceDefs(glslSource, {'FRAGMENT': True}),
GL.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ARB)
In addition, ``#ifdef`` blocks can be used to prune render code paths. Here,
this GLSL snippet shows a shader having diffuse color sampled from a texture
is conditional on ``DIFFUSE_TEXTURE`` being `True`, if not, the material
color is used instead::
#ifdef DIFFUSE_TEXTURE
uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
#endif
...
#ifdef DIFFUSE_TEXTURE
// sample color from texture
vec4 diffuseColor = texture2D(diffuseTexture, gl_TexCoord[0].st);
#else
// code path for no textures, just output material color
vec4 diffuseColor = gl_FrontMaterial.diffuse;
#endif
This avoids needing to provide two separate GLSL program sources to build
shaders to handle cases where a diffuse texture is or isn't used.
Parameters
----------
shaderSrc : str
GLSL shader source code.
defs : dict
Names and values to generate ``#define`` statements. Keys must all be
valid GLSL preprocessor variable names of type `str`. Values can only be
`int`, `float`, `str`, `bytes`, or `bool` types. Boolean values `True`
and `False` are converted to integers `1` and `0`, respectively.
Returns
-------
str
GLSL source code with ``#define`` statements inserted.
Examples
--------
Defining ``MAX_LIGHTS`` as `8` in a fragment shader program at runtime::
fragSrc = embedShaderSourceDefs(fragSrc, {'MAX_LIGHTS': 8})
fragShader = compileShaderObjectARB(fragSrc, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER_ARB)
"""
# generate GLSL `#define` statements
glslDefSrc = ""
for varName, varValue in defs.items():
if not isinstance(varName, str):
raise ValueError("Definition name must be type `str`.")
if isinstance(varValue, (int, bool,)):
varValue = int(varValue)
elif isinstance(varValue, (float,)):
pass
#varValue = varValue
elif isinstance(varValue, bytes):
varValue = '"{}"'.format(varValue.decode('UTF-8'))
elif isinstance(varValue, str):
varValue = '"{}"'.format(varValue)
else:
raise TypeError("Invalid type for value of `{}`.".format(varName))
glslDefSrc += '#define {n} {v}\n'.format(n=varName, v=varValue)
# find where the `#version` directive occurs
versionDirIdx = shaderSrc.find("#version")
if versionDirIdx != -1:
srcSplitIdx = shaderSrc.find("\n", versionDirIdx) + 1 # after newline
srcOut = shaderSrc[:srcSplitIdx] + glslDefSrc + shaderSrc[srcSplitIdx:]
else:
# no version directive in source, just prepend defines
srcOut = glslDefSrc + shaderSrc
return srcOut
[docs]def deleteObject(obj):
"""Delete a shader or program object.
Parameters
----------
obj : int
Shader or program object handle. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram`, :func:`compileShader`, `glCreateProgram` or
`glCreateShader` call.
"""
if GL.glIsShader(obj):
GL.glDeleteShader(obj)
elif GL.glIsProgram(obj):
GL.glDeleteProgram(obj)
else:
raise ValueError('Cannot delete, not a program or shader object.')
[docs]def deleteObjectARB(obj):
"""Delete a program or shader object.
Parameters
----------
obj : int
Program handle to attach `shader` to. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB`, :func:`compileShaderObjectARB,
`glCreateProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateShaderObjectARB` call.
"""
GL.glDeleteObjectARB(obj)
[docs]def attachShader(program, shader):
"""Attach a shader to a program.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to attach `shader` to. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram` or `glCreateProgram` call.
shader : int
Handle of shader object to attach. Must have originated from a
:func:`compileShader` or `glCreateShader` call.
"""
if not GL.glIsProgram(program):
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a program object.")
elif not GL.glIsShader(shader):
raise ValueError("Value `shader` is not a shader object.")
else:
GL.glAttachShader(program, shader)
[docs]def attachObjectARB(program, shader):
"""Attach a shader object to a program.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to attach `shader` to. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
shader : int
Handle of shader object to attach. Must have originated from a
:func:`compileShaderObjectARB` or `glCreateShaderObjectARB` call.
"""
if not GL.glIsProgram(program):
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a program object.")
elif not GL.glIsShader(shader):
raise ValueError("Value `shader` is not a shader object.")
else:
GL.glAttachObjectARB(program, shader)
[docs]def detachShader(program, shader):
"""Detach a shader object from a program.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to detach `shader` from. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram` or `glCreateProgram` call.
shader : int
Handle of shader object to detach. Must have been previously attached
to `program`.
"""
if not GL.glIsProgram(program):
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a program.")
elif not GL.glIsShader(shader):
raise ValueError("Value `shader` is not a shader object.")
else:
GL.glDetachShader(program, shader)
[docs]def detachObjectARB(program, shader):
"""Detach a shader object from a program.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to detach `shader` from. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
shader : int
Handle of shader object to detach. Must have been previously attached
to `program`.
"""
if not GL.glIsProgram(program):
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a program.")
elif not GL.glIsShader(shader):
raise ValueError("Value `shader` is not a shader object.")
else:
GL.glDetachObjectARB(program, shader)
[docs]def linkProgram(program):
"""Link a shader program. Any attached shader objects will be made
executable to run on associated GPU processor units when the program is
used.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to link. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram` or `glCreateProgram` call.
Raises
------
ValueError
Specified `program` handle is invalid.
RuntimeError
Program failed to link. Log will be dumped to `sterr`.
"""
if GL.glIsProgram(program):
GL.glLinkProgram(program)
else:
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a shader program.")
# check for errors
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetProgramiv(program, GL.GL_LINK_STATUS, ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE: # failed to link for whatever reason
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(program) + '\n')
raise RuntimeError(
'Failed to link shader program. Check log output.')
[docs]def linkProgramObjectARB(program):
"""Link a shader program object. Any attached shader objects will be made
executable to run on associated GPU processor units when the program is
used.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Program handle to link. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
Raises
------
ValueError
Specified `program` handle is invalid.
RuntimeError
Program failed to link. Log will be dumped to `sterr`.
"""
if GL.glIsProgram(program):
GL.glLinkProgramARB(program)
else:
raise ValueError("Value `program` is not a shader program.")
# check for errors
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetObjectParameterivARB(
program,
GL.GL_OBJECT_LINK_STATUS_ARB,
ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE: # failed to link for whatever reason
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(program) + '\n')
raise RuntimeError(
'Failed to link shader program. Check log output.')
[docs]def validateProgram(program):
"""Check if the program can execute given the current OpenGL state.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Handle of program to validate. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram` or `glCreateProgram` call.
"""
# check validation info
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glValidateProgram(program)
GL.glGetProgramiv(program, GL.GL_VALIDATE_STATUS, ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE:
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(program) + '\n')
raise RuntimeError('Shader program validation failed.')
[docs]def validateProgramARB(program):
"""Check if the program can execute given the current OpenGL state. If
validation fails, information from the driver is dumped giving the reason.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Handle of program object to validate. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
"""
# check validation info
result = GL.GLint()
GL.glValidateProgramARB(program)
GL.glGetObjectParameterivARB(
program,
GL.GL_OBJECT_VALIDATE_STATUS_ARB,
ctypes.byref(result))
if result.value == GL.GL_FALSE:
sys.stderr.write(getInfoLog(program) + '\n')
raise RuntimeError('Shader program validation failed.')
[docs]def useProgram(program):
"""Use a program object's executable shader attachments in the current
OpenGL rendering state.
In order to install the program object in the current rendering state, a
program must have been successfully linked by calling :func:`linkProgram` or
`glLinkProgram`.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Handle of program to use. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram` or `glCreateProgram` call and was successfully
linked. Passing `0` or `None` disables shader programs.
Examples
--------
Install a program for use in the current rendering state::
useProgram(myShader)
Disable the current shader program by specifying `0`::
useProgram(0)
"""
if program is None:
program = 0
if GL.glIsProgram(program) or program == 0:
GL.glUseProgram(program)
else:
raise ValueError('Specified `program` is not a program object.')
[docs]def useProgramObjectARB(program):
"""Use a program object's executable shader attachments in the current
OpenGL rendering state.
In order to install the program object in the current rendering state, a
program must have been successfully linked by calling
:func:`linkProgramObjectARB` or `glLinkProgramObjectARB`.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Handle of program object to use. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call and
was successfully linked. Passing `0` or `None` disables shader programs.
Examples
--------
Install a program for use in the current rendering state::
useProgramObjectARB(myShader)
Disable the current shader program by specifying `0`::
useProgramObjectARB(0)
Notes
-----
Some drivers may support using `glUseProgram` for objects created by calling
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB`.
"""
if program is None:
program = 0
if GL.glIsProgram(program) or program == 0:
GL.glUseProgramObjectARB(program)
else:
raise ValueError('Specified `program` is not a program object.')
[docs]def getInfoLog(obj):
"""Get the information log from a shader or program.
This retrieves a text log from the driver pertaining to the shader or
program. For instance, a log can report shader compiler output or validation
results. The verbosity and formatting of the logs are platform-dependent,
where one driver may provide more information than another.
This function works with both standard and ARB program object variants.
Parameters
----------
obj : int
Program or shader to retrieve a log from. If a shader, the handle must
have originated from a :func:`compileShader`, `glCreateShader`,
:func:`createProgramObjectARB` or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call. If a
program, the handle must have came from a :func:`createProgram`,
:func:`createProgramObjectARB`, `glCreateProgram` or
`glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
Returns
-------
str
Information log data. Logs can be empty strings if the driver has no
information available.
"""
logLength = GL.GLint()
if GL.glIsShader(obj) == GL.GL_TRUE:
GL.glGetShaderiv(
obj, GL.GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, ctypes.byref(logLength))
elif GL.glIsProgram(obj) == GL.GL_TRUE:
GL.glGetProgramiv(
obj, GL.GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, ctypes.byref(logLength))
else:
raise ValueError(
"Specified value of `obj` is not a shader or program.")
logBuffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(logLength.value)
GL.glGetShaderInfoLog(obj, logLength, None, logBuffer)
return logBuffer.value.decode('UTF-8')
[docs]def getAttribLocations(program, builtins=False):
"""Get attribute names and locations from the specified program object.
This function works with both standard and ARB program object variants.
Parameters
----------
program : int
Handle of program to retrieve attributes. Must have originated from a
:func:`createProgram`, :func:`createProgramObjectARB`, `glCreateProgram`
or `glCreateProgramObjectARB` call.
builtins : bool, optional
Include built-in GLSL attributes (eg. `gl_Vertex`). Default is `False`.
Returns
-------
dict
Attribute names and locations.
"""
if not GL.glIsProgram(program):
raise ValueError(
"Specified value of `program` is not a program object handle.")
arraySize = GL.GLint()
nameLength = GL.GLsizei()
nAttribs = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetProgramiv(program, GL.GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, ctypes.byref(nAttribs))
attribLoc = None
if nAttribs.value > 0:
maxAttribLength = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetProgramiv(
program,
GL.GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH,
ctypes.byref(maxAttribLength))
attribLoc = {}
for attribIdx in range(nAttribs.value):
attribType = GL.GLenum()
attribName = (GL.GLchar * maxAttribLength.value)()
GL.glGetActiveAttrib(
program,
attribIdx,
maxAttribLength,
ctypes.byref(nameLength),
ctypes.byref(arraySize),
ctypes.byref(attribType),
attribName)
# get location
loc = GL.glGetAttribLocation(program, attribName.value)
# don't include if -1, these are internal types like 'gl_Vertex'
if not builtins:
if loc != -1:
attribLoc[attribName.value] = loc
else:
attribLoc[attribName.value] = loc
return attribLoc
# -----------------------------------
# GL Query Objects
# -----------------------------------
[docs]class QueryObjectInfo:
"""Object for querying information. This includes GPU timing information."""
__slots__ = ['name', 'target']
[docs] def __init__(self, name, target):
self.name = name
self.target = target
def isValid(self):
"""Check if the name associated with this object is valid."""
return GL.glIsQuery(self.name) == GL.GL_TRUE
[docs]def createQueryObject(target=GL.GL_TIME_ELAPSED):
"""Create a GL query object.
Parameters
----------
target : Glenum or int
Target for the query.
Returns
-------
QueryObjectInfo
Query object.
Examples
--------
Get GPU time elapsed executing rendering/GL calls associated with some
stimuli (this is not the difference in absolute time between consecutive
`beginQuery` and `endQuery` calls!)::
# create a new query object
qGPU = createQueryObject(GL_TIME_ELAPSED)
beginQuery(query)
myStim.draw() # OpenGL calls here
endQuery(query)
# get time elapsed in seconds spent on the GPU
timeRendering = getQueryValue(qGPU) * 1e-9
You can also use queries to test if vertices are occluded, as their samples
would be rejected during depth testing::
drawVAO(shape0, GL_TRIANGLES) # draw the first object
# check if the object was completely occluded
qOcclusion = createQueryObject(GL_ANY_SAMPLES_PASSED)
# draw the next shape within query context
beginQuery(qOcclusion)
drawVAO(shape1, GL_TRIANGLES) # draw the second object
endQuery(qOcclusion)
isOccluded = getQueryValue(qOcclusion) == 1
This can be leveraged to perform occlusion testing/culling, where you can
render a `cheap` version of your mesh/shape, then the more expensive version
if samples were passed.
"""
result = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenQueries(1, ctypes.byref(result))
return QueryObjectInfo(result, target)
[docs]def beginQuery(query):
"""Begin query.
Parameters
----------
query : QueryObjectInfo
Query object descriptor returned by :func:`createQueryObject`.
"""
if isinstance(query, (QueryObjectInfo,)):
GL.glBeginQuery(query.target, query.name)
else:
raise TypeError('Type of `query` must be `QueryObjectInfo`.')
[docs]def endQuery(query):
"""End a query.
Parameters
----------
query : QueryObjectInfo
Query object descriptor returned by :func:`createQueryObject`,
previously passed to :func:`beginQuery`.
"""
if isinstance(query, (QueryObjectInfo,)):
GL.glEndQuery(query.target)
else:
raise TypeError('Type of `query` must be `QueryObjectInfo`.')
[docs]def getQuery(query):
"""Get the value stored in a query object.
Parameters
----------
query : QueryObjectInfo
Query object descriptor returned by :func:`createQueryObject`,
previously passed to :func:`endQuery`.
"""
params = GL.GLuint64(0)
if isinstance(query, QueryObjectInfo):
GL.glGetQueryObjectui64v(
query.name,
GL.GL_QUERY_RESULT,
ctypes.byref(params))
return params.value
else:
raise TypeError('Argument `query` must be `QueryObjectInfo` instance.')
[docs]def getAbsTimeGPU():
"""Get the absolute GPU time in nanoseconds.
Returns
-------
int
Time elapsed in nanoseconds since the OpenGL context was fully realized.
Examples
--------
Get the current GPU time in seconds::
timeInSeconds = getAbsTimeGPU() * 1e-9
Get the GPU time elapsed::
t0 = getAbsTimeGPU()
# some drawing commands here ...
t1 = getAbsTimeGPU()
timeElapsed = (t1 - t0) * 1e-9 # take difference, convert to seconds
"""
global QUERY_COUNTER
if QUERY_COUNTER is None:
GL.glGenQueries(1, ctypes.byref(QUERY_COUNTER))
GL.glQueryCounter(QUERY_COUNTER, GL.GL_TIMESTAMP)
params = GL.GLuint64(0)
GL.glGetQueryObjectui64v(
QUERY_COUNTER,
GL.GL_QUERY_RESULT,
ctypes.byref(params))
return params.value
# -----------------------------------
# Framebuffer Objects (FBO) Functions
# -----------------------------------
#
# The functions below simplify the creation and management of Framebuffer
# Objects (FBOs). FBO are containers for image buffers (textures or
# renderbuffers) frequently used for off-screen rendering.
#
# FBO descriptor
Framebuffer = namedtuple(
'Framebuffer',
['id',
'target',
'userData']
)
[docs]def createFBO(attachments=()):
"""Create a Framebuffer Object.
Parameters
----------
attachments : :obj:`list` or :obj:`tuple` of :obj:`tuple`
Optional attachments to initialize the Framebuffer with. Attachments are
specified as a list of tuples. Each tuple must contain an attachment
point (e.g. GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, etc.) and a
buffer descriptor type (Renderbuffer or TexImage2D). If using a combined
depth/stencil format such as GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT
and GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT must be passed the same buffer. Alternatively,
one can use GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT instead. If using multisample
buffers, all attachment images must use the same number of samples!. As
an example, one may specify attachments as 'attachments=((
GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, frameTexture), (GL.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
depthRenderBuffer))'.
Returns
-------
Framebuffer
Framebuffer descriptor.
Notes
-----
- All buffers must have the same number of samples.
- The 'userData' field of the returned descriptor is a dictionary that
can be used to store arbitrary data associated with the FBO.
- Framebuffers need a single attachment to be complete.
Examples
--------
Create an empty framebuffer with no attachments::
fbo = createFBO() # invalid until attachments are added
Create a render target with multiple color texture attachments::
colorTex = createTexImage2D(1024,1024) # empty texture
depthRb = createRenderbuffer(800,600,internalFormat=GL.GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8)
# attach images
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo.id)
attach(GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, colorTex)
attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
attach(GL.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
# or attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
# above is the same as
with useFBO(fbo):
attach(GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, colorTex)
attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
attach(GL.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
Examples of userData some custom function might access::
fbo.userData['flags'] = ['left_eye', 'clear_before_use']
Using a depth only texture (for shadow mapping?)::
depthTex = createTexImage2D(800, 600,
internalFormat=GL.GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT24,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT)
fbo = createFBO([(GL.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthTex)]) # is valid
# discard FBO descriptor, just give me the ID
frameBuffer = createFBO().id
"""
fboId = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenFramebuffers(1, ctypes.byref(fboId))
# create a framebuffer descriptor
fboDesc = Framebuffer(fboId, GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, dict())
# initial attachments for this framebuffer
if attachments:
with useFBO(fboDesc):
for attachPoint, imageBuffer in attachments:
attach(attachPoint, imageBuffer)
return fboDesc
[docs]def attach(attachPoint, imageBuffer):
"""Attach an image to a specified attachment point on the presently bound
FBO.
Parameters
----------
attachPoint :obj:`int`
Attachment point for 'imageBuffer' (e.g. GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0).
imageBuffer : :obj:`TexImage2D` or :obj:`Renderbuffer`
Framebuffer-attachable buffer descriptor.
Examples
--------
Attach an image to attachment points on the framebuffer::
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo)
attach(GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, colorTex)
attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, lastBoundFbo)
# same as above, but using a context manager
with useFBO(fbo):
attach(GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, colorTex)
attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
"""
# We should also support binding GL names specified as integers. Right now
# you need as descriptor which contains the target and name for the buffer.
#
if isinstance(imageBuffer, (TexImage2D, TexImage2DMultisample)):
GL.glFramebufferTexture2D(
GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER,
attachPoint,
imageBuffer.target,
imageBuffer.id, 0)
elif isinstance(imageBuffer, Renderbuffer):
GL.glFramebufferRenderbuffer(
GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER,
attachPoint,
imageBuffer.target,
imageBuffer.id)
[docs]def isComplete():
"""Check if the currently bound framebuffer is complete.
Returns
-------
bool
`True` if the presently bound FBO is complete.
"""
return GL.glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER) == \
GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE
[docs]def deleteFBO(fbo):
"""Delete a framebuffer.
"""
GL.glDeleteFramebuffers(
1, fbo.id if isinstance(fbo, Framebuffer) else int(fbo))
[docs]def blitFBO(srcRect, dstRect=None, filter=GL.GL_LINEAR):
"""Copy a block of pixels between framebuffers via blitting. Read and draw
framebuffers must be bound prior to calling this function. Beware, the
scissor box and viewport are changed when this is called to dstRect.
Parameters
----------
srcRect : :obj:`list` of :obj:`int`
List specifying the top-left and bottom-right coordinates of the region
to copy from (<X0>, <Y0>, <X1>, <Y1>).
dstRect : :obj:`list` of :obj:`int` or :obj:`None`
List specifying the top-left and bottom-right coordinates of the region
to copy to (<X0>, <Y0>, <X1>, <Y1>). If None, srcRect is used for
dstRect.
filter : :obj:`int`
Interpolation method to use if the image is stretched, default is
GL_LINEAR, but can also be GL_NEAREST.
Returns
-------
None
Examples
--------
Blitting pixels from on FBO to another::
# bind framebuffer to read pixels from
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, srcFbo)
# bind framebuffer to draw pixels to
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, dstFbo)
gltools.blitFBO((0,0,800,600), (0,0,800,600))
# unbind both read and draw buffers
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0)
"""
# in most cases srcRect and dstRect will be the same.
if dstRect is None:
dstRect = srcRect
# GL.glViewport(*dstRect)
# GL.glEnable(GL.GL_SCISSOR_TEST)
# GL.glScissor(*dstRect)
GL.glBlitFramebuffer(srcRect[0], srcRect[1], srcRect[2], srcRect[3],
dstRect[0], dstRect[1], dstRect[2], dstRect[3],
GL.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT, # colors only for now
filter)
# GL.glDisable(GL.GL_SCISSOR_TEST)
[docs]@contextmanager
def useFBO(fbo):
"""Context manager for Framebuffer Object bindings. This function yields
the framebuffer name as an integer.
Parameters
----------
fbo :obj:`int` or :obj:`Framebuffer`
OpenGL Framebuffer Object name/ID or descriptor.
Yields
-------
int
OpenGL name of the framebuffer bound in the context.
Examples
--------
Using a framebuffer context manager::
# FBO bound somewhere deep in our code
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, someOtherFBO)
...
# create a new FBO, but we have no idea what the currently bound FBO is
fbo = createFBO()
# use a context to bind attachments
with bindFBO(fbo):
attach(GL.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, colorTex)
attach(GL.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
attach(GL.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, depthRb)
isComplete = gltools.isComplete()
# someOtherFBO is still bound!
"""
prevFBO = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetIntegerv(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, ctypes.byref(prevFBO))
toBind = fbo.id if isinstance(fbo, Framebuffer) else int(fbo)
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, toBind)
try:
yield toBind
finally:
GL.glBindFramebuffer(GL.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, prevFBO.value)
# ------------------------------
# Renderbuffer Objects Functions
# ------------------------------
#
# The functions below handle the creation and management of Renderbuffers
# Objects.
#
# Renderbuffer descriptor type
Renderbuffer = namedtuple(
'Renderbuffer',
['id',
'target',
'width',
'height',
'internalFormat',
'samples',
'multiSample', # boolean, check if a texture is multisample
'userData'] # dictionary for user defined data
)
[docs]def createRenderbuffer(width, height, internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA8, samples=1):
"""Create a new Renderbuffer Object with a specified internal format. A
multisample storage buffer is created if samples > 1.
Renderbuffers contain image data and are optimized for use as render
targets. See https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Renderbuffer_Object for
more information.
Parameters
----------
width : :obj:`int`
Buffer width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Buffer height in pixels.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Format for renderbuffer data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8).
samples : :obj:`int`
Number of samples for multi-sampling, should be >1 and power-of-two.
Work with one sample, but will raise a warning.
Returns
-------
Renderbuffer
A descriptor of the created renderbuffer.
Notes
-----
The 'userData' field of the returned descriptor is a dictionary that can
be used to store arbitrary data associated with the buffer.
"""
width = int(width)
height = int(height)
# create a new renderbuffer ID
rbId = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenRenderbuffers(1, ctypes.byref(rbId))
GL.glBindRenderbuffer(GL.GL_RENDERBUFFER, rbId)
if samples > 1:
# determine if the 'samples' value is valid
maxSamples = getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_SAMPLES)
if (samples & (samples - 1)) != 0:
raise ValueError('Invalid number of samples, must be power-of-two.')
elif samples > maxSamples:
raise ValueError('Invalid number of samples, must be <{}.'.format(
maxSamples))
# create a multisample render buffer storage
GL.glRenderbufferStorageMultisample(
GL.GL_RENDERBUFFER,
samples,
internalFormat,
width,
height)
else:
GL.glRenderbufferStorage(
GL.GL_RENDERBUFFER,
internalFormat,
width,
height)
# done, unbind it
GL.glBindRenderbuffer(GL.GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0)
return Renderbuffer(rbId,
GL.GL_RENDERBUFFER,
width,
height,
internalFormat,
samples,
samples > 1,
dict())
[docs]def deleteRenderbuffer(renderBuffer):
"""Free the resources associated with a renderbuffer. This invalidates the
renderbuffer's ID.
"""
GL.glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, renderBuffer.id)
# -----------------
# Texture Functions
# -----------------
# 2D texture descriptor. You can 'wrap' existing texture IDs with TexImage2D to
# use them with functions that require that type as input.
#
class TexImage2D:
"""Descriptor for a 2D texture.
This class is used for bookkeeping 2D textures stored in video memory.
Information about the texture (eg. `width` and `height`) is available via
class attributes. Attributes should never be modified directly.
"""
__slots__ = ['width',
'height',
'target',
'_name',
'level',
'internalFormat',
'pixelFormat',
'dataType',
'unpackAlignment',
'_texParams',
'_isBound',
'_unit',
'_texParamsNeedUpdate']
def __init__(self,
name=0,
target=GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D,
width=64,
height=64,
level=0,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_FLOAT,
unpackAlignment=4,
texParams=None):
"""
Parameters
----------
name : `int` or `GLuint`
OpenGL handle for texture. Is `0` if uninitialized.
target : :obj:`int`
The target texture should only be either GL_TEXTURE_2D or
GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE.
width : :obj:`int`
Texture width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Texture height in pixels.
level : :obj:`int`
LOD number of the texture, should be 0 if GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE is
the target.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Internal format for texture data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F).
pixelFormat : :obj:`int`
Pixel data format (e.g. GL_RGBA, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL)
dataType : :obj:`int`
Data type for pixel data (e.g. GL_FLOAT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE).
unpackAlignment : :obj:`int`
Alignment requirements of each row in memory. Default is 4.
texParams : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple` of :obj:`int`
Optional texture parameters specified as `dict`. These values are
passed to `glTexParameteri`. Each tuple must contain a parameter
name and value. For example, `texParameters={
GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR, GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER:
GL.GL_LINEAR}`. These can be changed and will be updated the next
time this instance is passed to :func:`bindTexture`.
"""
# fields for texture information
self.name = name
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.target = target
self.level = level
self.internalFormat = internalFormat
self.pixelFormat = pixelFormat
self.dataType = dataType
self.unpackAlignment = unpackAlignment
self._texParams = {}
# set texture parameters
if texParams is not None:
for key, val in texParams.items():
self._texParams[key] = val
# internal data
self._isBound = False # True if the texture has been bound
self._unit = None # texture unit assigned to this texture
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True # update texture parameters
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
@name.setter
def name(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, GL.GLuint):
self._name = GL.GLuint(int(value))
else:
self._name = value
@property
def size(self):
"""Size of the texture [w, h] in pixels (`int`, `int`)."""
return self.width, self.height
@property
def texParams(self):
"""Texture parameters."""
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True
return self._texParams
@texParams.setter
def texParams(self, value):
"""Texture parameters."""
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True
self._texParams = value
[docs]def createTexImage2D(width, height, target=GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, level=0,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA8, pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_FLOAT, data=None, unpackAlignment=4,
texParams=None):
"""Create a 2D texture in video memory. This can only create a single 2D
texture with targets `GL_TEXTURE_2D` or `GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE`.
Parameters
----------
width : :obj:`int`
Texture width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Texture height in pixels.
target : :obj:`int`
The target texture should only be either GL_TEXTURE_2D or
GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE.
level : :obj:`int`
LOD number of the texture, should be 0 if GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE is the
target.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Internal format for texture data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F).
pixelFormat : :obj:`int`
Pixel data format (e.g. GL_RGBA, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL)
dataType : :obj:`int`
Data type for pixel data (e.g. GL_FLOAT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE).
data : :obj:`ctypes` or :obj:`None`
Ctypes pointer to image data. If None is specified, the texture will be
created but pixel data will be uninitialized.
unpackAlignment : :obj:`int`
Alignment requirements of each row in memory. Default is 4.
texParams : :obj:`dict`
Optional texture parameters specified as `dict`. These values are passed
to `glTexParameteri`. Each tuple must contain a parameter name and
value. For example, `texParameters={GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER:
GL.GL_LINEAR, GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR}`.
Returns
-------
TexImage2D
A `TexImage2D` descriptor.
Notes
-----
The 'userData' field of the returned descriptor is a dictionary that can
be used to store arbitrary data associated with the texture.
Previous textures are unbound after calling 'createTexImage2D'.
Examples
--------
Creating a texture from an image file::
import pyglet.gl as GL # using Pyglet for now
# empty texture
textureDesc = createTexImage2D(1024, 1024, internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA8)
# load texture data from an image file using Pillow and NumPy
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
im = Image.open(imageFile) # 8bpp!
im = im.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM) # OpenGL origin is at bottom
im = im.convert("RGBA")
pixelData = np.array(im).ctypes # convert to ctypes!
width = pixelData.shape[1]
height = pixelData.shape[0]
textureDesc = gltools.createTexImage2D(
width,
height,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
data=pixelData,
unpackAlignment=1,
texParameters=[(GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL.GL_LINEAR),
(GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL.GL_LINEAR)])
GL.glBindTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureDesc.id)
"""
width = int(width)
height = int(height)
if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
raise ValueError("Invalid image dimensions {} x {}.".format(
width, height))
if target == GL.GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE:
if level != 0:
raise ValueError("Invalid level for target GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE, "
"must be 0.")
GL.glEnable(GL.GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE)
texId = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenTextures(1, ctypes.byref(texId))
GL.glBindTexture(target, texId)
GL.glPixelStorei(GL.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, int(unpackAlignment))
GL.glTexImage2D(target, level, internalFormat,
width, height, 0,
pixelFormat, dataType, data)
# apply texture parameters
if texParams is not None:
for pname, param in texParams.items():
GL.glTexParameteri(target, pname, param)
# new texture descriptor
tex = TexImage2D(name=texId,
target=target,
width=width,
height=height,
internalFormat=internalFormat,
level=level,
pixelFormat=pixelFormat,
dataType=dataType,
unpackAlignment=unpackAlignment,
texParams=texParams)
tex._texParamsNeedUpdate = False
GL.glBindTexture(target, 0)
return tex
[docs]def createTexImage2dFromFile(imgFile, transpose=True):
"""Load an image from file directly into a texture.
This is a convenience function to quickly get an image file loaded into a
2D texture. The image is converted to RGBA format. Texture parameters are
set for linear interpolation.
Parameters
----------
imgFile : str
Path to the image file.
transpose : bool
Flip the image so it appears upright when displayed in OpenGL image
coordinates.
Returns
-------
TexImage2D
Texture descriptor.
"""
# Attempt to find file with substitution (handles e.g. default.png)
tryImg = findImageFile(imgFile, checkResources=True)
if tryImg is not None:
imgFile = tryImg
im = Image.open(imgFile) # 8bpp!
if transpose:
im = im.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM) # OpenGL origin is at bottom
im = im.convert("RGBA")
pixelData = np.array(im).ctypes # convert to ctypes!
width = pixelData.shape[1]
height = pixelData.shape[0]
textureDesc = createTexImage2D(
width,
height,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
data=pixelData,
unpackAlignment=1,
texParams={GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR,
GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR})
return textureDesc
class TexCubeMap:
"""Descriptor for a cube map texture..
This class is used for bookkeeping cube maps stored in video memory.
Information about the texture (eg. `width` and `height`) is available via
class attributes. Attributes should never be modified directly.
"""
__slots__ = ['width',
'height',
'target',
'_name',
'level',
'internalFormat',
'pixelFormat',
'dataType',
'unpackAlignment',
'_texParams',
'_isBound',
'_unit',
'_texParamsNeedUpdate']
def __init__(self,
name=0,
target=GL.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP,
width=64,
height=64,
level=0,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_FLOAT,
unpackAlignment=4,
texParams=None):
"""
Parameters
----------
name : `int` or `GLuint`
OpenGL handle for texture. Is `0` if uninitialized.
target : :obj:`int`
The target texture should only be `GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP`.
width : :obj:`int`
Texture width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Texture height in pixels.
level : :obj:`int`
LOD number of the texture.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Internal format for texture data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F).
pixelFormat : :obj:`int`
Pixel data format (e.g. GL_RGBA, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL)
dataType : :obj:`int`
Data type for pixel data (e.g. GL_FLOAT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE).
unpackAlignment : :obj:`int`
Alignment requirements of each row in memory. Default is 4.
texParams : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple` of :obj:`int`
Optional texture parameters specified as `dict`. These values are
passed to `glTexParameteri`. Each tuple must contain a parameter
name and value. For example, `texParameters={
GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR, GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER:
GL.GL_LINEAR}`. These can be changed and will be updated the next
time this instance is passed to :func:`bindTexture`.
"""
# fields for texture information
self.name = name
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.target = target
self.level = level
self.internalFormat = internalFormat
self.pixelFormat = pixelFormat
self.dataType = dataType
self.unpackAlignment = unpackAlignment
self._texParams = {}
# set texture parameters
if texParams is not None:
for key, val in texParams.items():
self._texParams[key] = val
# internal data
self._isBound = False # True if the texture has been bound
self._unit = None # texture unit assigned to this texture
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True # update texture parameters
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
@name.setter
def name(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, GL.GLuint):
self._name = GL.GLuint(int(value))
else:
self._name = value
@property
def size(self):
"""Size of a single cubemap face [w, h] in pixels (`int`, `int`)."""
return self.width, self.height
@property
def texParams(self):
"""Texture parameters."""
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True
return self._texParams
@texParams.setter
def texParams(self, value):
"""Texture parameters."""
self._texParamsNeedUpdate = True
self._texParams = value
[docs]def createCubeMap(width, height, target=GL.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, level=0,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA, pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data=None, unpackAlignment=4,
texParams=None):
"""Create a cubemap.
Parameters
----------
name : `int` or `GLuint`
OpenGL handle for the cube map. Is `0` if uninitialized.
target : :obj:`int`
The target texture should only be `GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP`.
width : :obj:`int`
Texture width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Texture height in pixels.
level : :obj:`int`
LOD number of the texture.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Internal format for texture data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F).
pixelFormat : :obj:`int`
Pixel data format (e.g. GL_RGBA, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL)
dataType : :obj:`int`
Data type for pixel data (e.g. GL_FLOAT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE).
data : list or tuple
List of six ctypes pointers to image data for each cubemap face. Image
data is assigned to a face by index [+X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z]. All images
must have the same size as specified by `width` and `height`.
unpackAlignment : :obj:`int`
Alignment requirements of each row in memory. Default is 4.
texParams : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple` of :obj:`int`
Optional texture parameters specified as `dict`. These values are
passed to `glTexParameteri`. Each tuple must contain a parameter
name and value. For example, `texParameters={
GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR, GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER:
GL.GL_LINEAR}`. These can be changed and will be updated the next
time this instance is passed to :func:`bindTexture`.
"""
texId = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenTextures(1, ctypes.byref(texId))
GL.glBindTexture(target, texId)
# create faces of the cube map
for face in range(6):
GL.glPixelStorei(GL.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, int(unpackAlignment))
GL.glTexImage2D(GL.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + face, level,
internalFormat, width, height, 0, pixelFormat, dataType,
data[face] if data is not None else data)
# apply texture parameters
if texParams is not None:
for pname, param in texParams.items():
GL.glTexParameteri(target, pname, param)
GL.glBindTexture(target, 0)
tex = TexCubeMap(name=texId,
target=target,
width=width,
height=height,
internalFormat=internalFormat,
level=level,
pixelFormat=pixelFormat,
dataType=dataType,
unpackAlignment=unpackAlignment,
texParams=texParams)
return tex
[docs]def bindTexture(texture, unit=None, enable=True):
"""Bind a texture.
Function binds `texture` to `unit` (if specified). If `unit` is `None`, the
texture will be bound but not assigned to a texture unit.
Parameters
----------
texture : TexImage2D
Texture descriptor to bind.
unit : int, optional
Texture unit to associated the texture with.
enable : bool
Enable textures upon binding.
"""
if not texture._isBound:
if enable:
GL.glEnable(texture.target)
GL.glBindTexture(texture.target, texture.name)
texture._isBound = True
if unit is not None:
texture._unit = unit
GL.glActiveTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE0 + unit)
# update texture parameters if they have been accessed (changed?)
if texture._texParamsNeedUpdate:
for pname, param in texture._texParams.items():
GL.glTexParameteri(texture.target, pname, param)
texture._texParamsNeedUpdate = False
[docs]def unbindTexture(texture=None):
"""Unbind a texture.
Parameters
----------
texture : TexImage2D
Texture descriptor to unbind.
"""
if texture._isBound:
# set the texture unit
if texture._unit is not None:
GL.glActiveTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE0 + texture._unit)
texture._unit = None
GL.glBindTexture(texture.target, 0)
texture._isBound = False
GL.glDisable(texture.target)
else:
raise RuntimeError('Trying to unbind a texture that was not previously'
'bound.')
# Descriptor for 2D mutlisampled texture
TexImage2DMultisample = namedtuple(
'TexImage2D',
['id',
'target',
'width',
'height',
'internalFormat',
'samples',
'multisample',
'userData'])
[docs]def createTexImage2DMultisample(width, height,
target=GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE, samples=1,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA8, texParameters=()):
"""Create a 2D multisampled texture.
Parameters
----------
width : :obj:`int`
Texture width in pixels.
height : :obj:`int`
Texture height in pixels.
target : :obj:`int`
The target texture (e.g. GL_TEXTURE_2D_MULTISAMPLE).
samples : :obj:`int`
Number of samples for multi-sampling, should be >1 and power-of-two.
Work with one sample, but will raise a warning.
internalFormat : :obj:`int`
Internal format for texture data (e.g. GL_RGBA8, GL_R11F_G11F_B10F).
texParameters : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple` of :obj:`int`
Optional texture parameters specified as a list of tuples. These values
are passed to 'glTexParameteri'. Each tuple must contain a parameter
name and value. For example, texParameters=[(GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
GL.GL_LINEAR), (GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL.GL_LINEAR)]
Returns
-------
TexImage2DMultisample
A TexImage2DMultisample descriptor.
"""
width = int(width)
height = int(height)
if width <= 0 or height <= 0:
raise ValueError("Invalid image dimensions {} x {}.".format(
width, height))
# determine if the 'samples' value is valid
maxSamples = getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_SAMPLES)
if (samples & (samples - 1)) != 0:
raise ValueError('Invalid number of samples, must be power-of-two.')
elif samples <= 0 or samples > maxSamples:
raise ValueError('Invalid number of samples, must be <{}.'.format(
maxSamples))
colorTexId = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenTextures(1, ctypes.byref(colorTexId))
GL.glBindTexture(target, colorTexId)
GL.glTexImage2DMultisample(
target, samples, internalFormat, width, height, GL.GL_TRUE)
# apply texture parameters
if texParameters:
for pname, param in texParameters:
GL.glTexParameteri(target, pname, param)
GL.glBindTexture(target, 0)
return TexImage2DMultisample(colorTexId,
target,
width,
height,
internalFormat,
samples,
True,
dict())
[docs]def deleteTexture(texture):
"""Free the resources associated with a texture. This invalidates the
texture's ID.
"""
if not texture._isBound:
GL.glDeleteTextures(1, texture.name)
texture.name = 0 # invalidate
else:
raise RuntimeError("Attempting to delete texture which is presently "
"bound.")
# --------------------------
# Vertex Array Objects (VAO)
#
[docs]class VertexArrayInfo:
"""Vertex array object (VAO) descriptor.
This class only stores information about the VAO it refers to, it does not
contain any actual array data associated with the VAO. Calling
:func:`createVAO` returns instances of this class.
If `isLegacy` is `True`, attribute binding states are using deprecated (but
still supported) pointer definition calls (eg. `glVertexPointer`). This is
to ensure backwards compatibility. The keys stored in `activeAttribs` must
be `GLenum` types such as `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`.
Parameters
----------
name : int
OpenGL handle for the VAO.
count : int
Number of vertex elements. If `indexBuffer` is not `None`, count
corresponds to the number of elements in the index buffer.
activeAttribs : dict
Attributes and buffers defined as part of this VAO state. Keys are
attribute pointer indices or capabilities (ie. GL_VERTEX_ARRAY).
Modifying these values will not update the VAO state.
indexBuffer : VertexBufferInfo, optional
Buffer object for indices.
attribDivisors : dict, optional
Divisors for each attribute.
isLegacy : bool
Array pointers were defined using the deprecated OpenGL API. If `True`,
the VAO may work with older GLSL shaders versions and the fixed-function
pipeline.
userData : dict or None, optional
Optional user defined data associated with this VAO.
"""
__slots__ = ['name', 'count', 'activeAttribs', 'indexBuffer', 'isLegacy',
'userData', 'attribDivisors']
[docs] def __init__(self,
name=0,
count=0,
activeAttribs=None,
indexBuffer=None,
attribDivisors=None,
isLegacy=False,
userData=None):
self.name = name
self.activeAttribs = activeAttribs
self.count = count
self.indexBuffer = indexBuffer
self.attribDivisors = attribDivisors
self.isLegacy = isLegacy
if userData is None:
self.userData = {}
elif isinstance(userData, dict):
self.userData = userData
else:
raise TypeError('Invalid type for `userData`.')
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.name, self.isLegacy))
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Equality test between VAO object names."""
return self.name == other.name
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Inequality test between VAO object names."""
return self.name != other.name
[docs]def createVAO(attribBuffers, indexBuffer=None, attribDivisors=None, legacy=False):
"""Create a Vertex Array object (VAO). VAOs store buffer binding states,
reducing CPU overhead when drawing objects with vertex data stored in VBOs.
Define vertex attributes within a VAO state by passing a mapping for
generic attribute indices and VBO buffers.
Parameters
----------
attribBuffers : dict
Attributes and associated VBOs to add to the VAO state. Keys are
vertex attribute pointer indices, values are VBO descriptors to define.
Values can be `tuples` where the first value is the buffer descriptor,
the second is the number of attribute components (`int`, either 2, 3 or
4), the third is the offset (`int`), and the last is whether to
normalize the array (`bool`).
indexBuffer : VertexBufferInfo
Optional index buffer.
attribDivisors : dict
Attribute divisors to set. Keys are vertex attribute pointer indices,
values are the number of instances that will pass between updates of an
attribute. Setting attribute divisors is only permitted if `legacy` is
`False`.
legacy : bool, optional
Use legacy attribute pointer functions when setting the VAO state. This
is for compatibility with older GL implementations. Key specified to
`attribBuffers` must be `GLenum` types such as `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY` to
indicate the capability to use.
Examples
--------
Create a vertex array object and enable buffer states within it::
vao = createVAO({0: vertexPos, 1: texCoords, 2: vertexNormals})
Using an interleaved vertex buffer, all attributes are in the same buffer
(`vertexAttr`). We need to specify offsets for each attribute by passing a
buffer in a `tuple` with the second value specifying the offset::
# buffer with interleaved layout `00011222` per-attribute
vao = createVAO(
{0: (vertexAttr, 3), # size 3, offset 0
1: (vertexAttr, 2, 3), # size 2, offset 3
2: (vertexAttr, 3, 5, True)}) # size 3, offset 5, normalize
You can mix interleaved and single-use buffers::
vao = createVAO(
{0: (vertexAttr, 3, 0), 1: (vertexAttr, 3, 3), 2: vertexColors})
Specifying an optional index array, this is used for indexed drawing of
primitives::
vao = createVAO({0: vertexPos}, indexBuffer=indices)
The returned `VertexArrayInfo` instance will have attribute
``isIndexed==True``.
Drawing vertex arrays using a VAO, will use the `indexBuffer` if available::
# draw the array
drawVAO(vao, mode=GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
Use legacy attribute pointer bindings when building a VAO for compatibility
with the fixed-function pipeline and older GLSL versions::
attribBuffers = {GL_VERTEX_ARRAY: vertexPos, GL_NORMAL_ARRAY: normals}
vao = createVAO(attribBuffers, legacy=True)
If you wish to used instanced drawing, you can specify attribute divisors
this way::
vao = createVAO(
{0: (vertexAttr, 3, 0), 1: (vertexAttr, 3, 3), 2: vertexColors},
attribDivisors={2: 1})
"""
if not attribBuffers: # in case an empty list is passed
raise ValueError("No buffers specified.")
# create a vertex buffer ID
vaoId = GL.GLuint()
if _thisPlatform != 'Darwin':
GL.glGenVertexArrays(1, ctypes.byref(vaoId))
GL.glBindVertexArray(vaoId)
else:
GL.glGenVertexArraysAPPLE(1, ctypes.byref(vaoId))
GL.glBindVertexArrayAPPLE(vaoId)
# add attribute pointers
activeAttribs = {}
bufferIndices = []
for i, buffer in attribBuffers.items():
if isinstance(buffer, (list, tuple,)):
if len(buffer) == 1:
buffer = buffer[0] # size 1 tuple or list eg. (buffer,)
size = buffer.shape[1]
offset = 0
normalize = False
elif len(buffer) == 2:
buffer, size = buffer
offset = 0
normalize = False
elif len(buffer) == 3:
buffer, size, offset = buffer
normalize = False
elif len(buffer) == 4:
buffer, size, offset, normalize = buffer
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid attribute values.')
else:
size = buffer.shape[1]
offset = 0
normalize = False
enableVertexAttribArray(i, legacy)
setVertexAttribPointer(i, buffer, size, offset, normalize, legacy)
activeAttribs[i] = buffer
bufferIndices.append(buffer.shape[0])
# bind the EBO if available
if indexBuffer is not None:
if indexBuffer.target == GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER:
GL.glBindBuffer(GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indexBuffer.name)
if len(indexBuffer.shape) > 1:
count = indexBuffer.shape[0] * indexBuffer.shape[1]
else:
count = indexBuffer.shape[0]
else:
raise ValueError(
'Index buffer does not have target `GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`.')
else:
if bufferIndices.count(bufferIndices[0]) != len(bufferIndices):
warnings.warn(
'Input arrays have unequal number of rows, using shortest for '
'`count`.')
count = min(bufferIndices)
else:
count = bufferIndices[0]
# set attribute divisors
if attribDivisors is not None:
if legacy is True:
raise ValueError(
'Cannot set attribute divisors when `legacy` is `True.')
for key, val in attribDivisors.items():
GL.glVertexAttribDivisor(key, val)
if _thisPlatform != 'Darwin':
GL.glBindVertexArray(0)
else:
GL.glBindVertexArrayAPPLE(0)
return VertexArrayInfo(vaoId.value,
count,
activeAttribs,
indexBuffer,
attribDivisors,
legacy)
[docs]def drawVAO(vao, mode=GL.GL_TRIANGLES, start=0, count=None, instanceCount=None,
flush=False):
"""Draw a vertex array object. Uses `glDrawArrays` or `glDrawElements` if
`instanceCount` is `None`, or else `glDrawArraysInstanced` or
`glDrawElementsInstanced` is used.
Parameters
----------
vao : VertexArrayObject
Vertex Array Object (VAO) to draw.
mode : int, optional
Drawing mode to use (e.g. GL_TRIANGLES, GL_QUADS, GL_POINTS, etc.)
start : int, optional
Starting index for array elements. Default is `0` which is the beginning
of the array.
count : int, optional
Number of indices to draw from `start`. Must not exceed `vao.count` -
`start`.
instanceCount : int or None
Number of instances to draw. If >0 and not `None`, instanced drawing
will be used.
flush : bool, optional
Flush queued drawing commands before returning.
Examples
--------
Creating a VAO and drawing it::
# draw the VAO, renders the mesh
drawVAO(vaoDesc, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
"""
# draw the array
if _thisPlatform != 'Darwin':
GL.glBindVertexArray(vao.name)
else:
GL.glBindVertexArrayAPPLE(vao.name)
if count is None:
count = vao.count
else:
if count > vao.count - start:
raise ValueError(
"Value of `count` cannot exceed `{}`.".format(
vao.count - start))
if vao.indexBuffer is not None:
if instanceCount is None:
GL.glDrawElements(mode, count, vao.indexBuffer.dataType, start)
else:
GL.glDrawElementsInstanced(mode, count, vao.indexBuffer.dataType,
start, instanceCount)
else:
if instanceCount is None:
GL.glDrawArrays(mode, start, count)
else:
GL.glDrawArraysInstanced(mode, start, count, instanceCount)
if flush:
GL.glFlush()
# reset
if _thisPlatform != 'Darwin':
GL.glBindVertexArray(0)
else:
GL.glBindVertexArrayAPPLE(0)
[docs]def deleteVAO(vao):
"""Delete a Vertex Array Object (VAO). This does not delete array buffers
bound to the VAO.
Parameters
----------
vao : VertexArrayInfo
VAO to delete. All fields in the descriptor except `userData` will be
reset.
"""
if isinstance(vao, VertexArrayInfo):
if vao.name:
GL.glDeleteVertexArrays(1, GL.GLuint(vao.name))
vao.name = 0
vao.isLegacy = False
vao.indexBuffer = None
vao.activeAttribs = {}
vao.count = 0
# ---------------------------
# Vertex Buffer Objects (VBO)
#
[docs]class VertexBufferInfo:
"""Vertex buffer object (VBO) descriptor.
This class only stores information about the VBO it refers to, it does not
contain any actual array data associated with the VBO. Calling
:func:`createVBO` returns instances of this class.
It is recommended to use `gltools` functions :func:`bindVBO`,
:func:`unbindVBO`, :func:`mapBuffer`, etc. when working with these objects.
Parameters
----------
name : GLuint or int
OpenGL handle for the buffer.
target : GLenum or int, optional
Target used when binding the buffer (e.g. `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY` or
`GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`). Default is `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`)
usage : GLenum or int, optional
Usage type for the array (i.e. `GL_STATIC_DRAW`).
dataType : Glenum, optional
Data type of array. Default is `GL_FLOAT`.
size : int, optional
Size of the buffer in bytes.
stride : int, optional
Number of bytes between adjacent attributes. If `0`, values are assumed
to be tightly packed.
shape : tuple or list, optional
Shape of the array used to create this VBO.
userData : dict, optional
Optional user defined data associated with the VBO. If `None`,
`userData` will be initialized as an empty dictionary.
"""
__slots__ = ['name', 'target', 'usage', 'dataType',
'size', 'stride', 'shape', 'userData']
[docs] def __init__(self,
name=0,
target=GL.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
usage=GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW,
dataType=GL.GL_FLOAT,
size=0,
stride=0,
shape=(0,),
userData=None):
self.name = name
self.target = target
self.usage = usage
self.dataType = dataType
self.size = size
self.stride = stride
self.shape = shape
if userData is None:
self.userData = {}
elif isinstance(userData, dict):
self.userData = userData
else:
raise TypeError('Invalid type for `userData`.')
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.name,
self.target,
self.dataType,
self.usage,
self.size,
self.shape))
def __eq__(self, other):
"""Equality test between VBO object names."""
return self.name == other.name
def __ne__(self, other):
"""Inequality test between VBO object names."""
return self.name != other.name
@property
def hasBuffer(self):
"""Check if the VBO assigned to `name` is a buffer."""
if self.name != 0 and GL.glIsBuffer(self.name):
return True
return False
@property
def isIndex(self):
"""`True` if the buffer referred to by this object is an index array."""
if self.name != 0 and GL.glIsBuffer(self.name):
return self.target == GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
return False
def validate(self):
"""Check if the data contained in this descriptor matches what is
actually present in the OpenGL state.
Returns
-------
bool
`True` if the information contained in this descriptor matches the
OpenGL state.
"""
# fail automatically if these conditions are true
if self.name == 0 or GL.glIsBuffer(self.name) != GL.GL_TRUE:
return False
if self.target == GL.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER:
bindTarget = GL.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING
elif self.target == GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER:
bindTarget = GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER_BINDING
else:
raise ValueError(
'Invalid `target` type, must be `GL_ARRAY_BUFFER` or '
'`GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`.')
# get current binding so we don't disturb the current state
currentVBO = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetIntegerv(bindTarget, ctypes.byref(currentVBO))
# bind buffer at name to validate
GL.glBindBuffer(self.target, self.name)
# get buffer parameters
actualSize = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetBufferParameteriv(
self.target, GL.GL_BUFFER_SIZE, ctypes.byref(actualSize))
actualUsage = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetBufferParameteriv(
self.target, GL.GL_BUFFER_USAGE, ctypes.byref(actualUsage))
# check values against those in this object
isValid = False
if self.usage == actualUsage.value and self.size == actualSize.value:
isValid = True
# return to the original binding
GL.glBindBuffer(self.target, currentVBO.value)
return isValid
[docs]def createVBO(data,
target=GL.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_FLOAT,
usage=GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW):
"""Create an array buffer object (VBO).
Creates a VBO using input data, usually as a `ndarray` or `list`. Attributes
common to one vertex should occupy a single row of the `data` array.
Parameters
----------
data : array_like
A 2D array of values to write to the array buffer. The data type of the
VBO is inferred by the type of the array. If the input is a Python
`list` or `tuple` type, the data type of the array will be `GL_FLOAT`.
target : :obj:`int`
Target used when binding the buffer (e.g. `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY` or
`GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER`). Default is `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`.
dataType : Glenum, optional
Data type of array. Input data will be recast to an appropriate type if
necessary. Default is `GL_FLOAT`.
usage : GLenum or int, optional
Usage type for the array (i.e. `GL_STATIC_DRAW`).
Returns
-------
VertexBufferInfo
A descriptor with vertex buffer information.
Examples
--------
Creating a vertex buffer object with vertex data::
# vertices of a triangle
verts = [[ 1.0, 1.0, 0.0], # v0
[ 0.0, -1.0, 0.0], # v1
[-1.0, 1.0, 0.0]] # v2
# load vertices to graphics device, return a descriptor
vboDesc = createVBO(verts)
Drawing triangles or quads using vertex buffer data::
nIndices, vSize = vboDesc.shape # element size
bindVBO(vboDesc)
setVertexAttribPointer(
GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, vSize, vboDesc.dataType, legacy=True)
enableVertexAttribArray(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, legacy=True)
if vSize == 3:
drawMode = GL_TRIANGLES
elif vSize == 4:
drawMode = GL_QUADS
glDrawArrays(drawMode, 0, nIndices)
glFlush()
disableVertexAttribArray(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, legacy=True)
unbindVBO()
Custom data can be associated with this vertex buffer by specifying
`userData`::
myVBO = createVBO(data)
myVBO.userData['startIdx'] = 14 # first index to draw with
# use it later
nIndices, vSize = vboDesc.shape # element size
startIdx = myVBO.userData['startIdx']
endIdx = nIndices - startIdx
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, startIdx, endIdx)
glFlush()
"""
# build input array
npType, glType = GL_COMPAT_TYPES[dataType]
data = np.asarray(data, dtype=npType)
# get buffer size and pointer
bufferSize = data.size * ctypes.sizeof(glType)
if data.ndim > 1:
bufferStride = data.shape[1] * ctypes.sizeof(glType)
else:
bufferStride = 0
bufferPtr = data.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(glType))
# create a vertex buffer ID
bufferName = GL.GLuint()
GL.glGenBuffers(1, ctypes.byref(bufferName))
# bind and upload
GL.glBindBuffer(target, bufferName)
GL.glBufferData(target, bufferSize, bufferPtr, usage)
GL.glBindBuffer(target, 0)
vboInfo = VertexBufferInfo(
bufferName,
target,
usage,
dataType,
bufferSize,
bufferStride,
data.shape) # leave userData empty
return vboInfo
[docs]def bindVBO(vbo):
"""Bind a VBO to the current GL state.
Parameters
----------
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
VBO descriptor to bind.
Returns
-------
bool
`True` is the binding state was changed. Returns `False` if the state
was not changed due to the buffer already being bound.
"""
if isinstance(vbo, VertexBufferInfo):
GL.glBindBuffer(vbo.target, vbo.name)
else:
raise TypeError('Specified `vbo` is not at `VertexBufferInfo`.')
[docs]def unbindVBO(vbo):
"""Unbind a vertex buffer object (VBO).
Parameters
----------
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
VBO descriptor to unbind.
"""
if isinstance(vbo, VertexBufferInfo):
GL.glBindBuffer(vbo.target, 0)
else:
raise TypeError('Specified `vbo` is not at `VertexBufferInfo`.')
[docs]def mapBuffer(vbo, start=0, length=None, read=True, write=True, noSync=False):
"""Map a vertex buffer object to client memory. This allows you to modify
its contents.
If planning to update VBO vertex data, make sure the VBO `usage` types are
`GL_DYNAMIC_*` or `GL_STREAM_*` or else serious performance issues may
arise.
Warnings
--------
Modifying buffer data must be done carefully, or else system stability may
be affected. Do not use the returned view `ndarray` outside of successive
:func:`mapBuffer` and :func:`unmapBuffer` calls. Do not use the mapped
buffer for rendering until after :func:`unmapBuffer` is called.
Parameters
----------
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
Vertex buffer to map to client memory.
start : int
Initial index of the sub-range of the buffer to modify.
length : int or None
Number of elements of the sub-array to map from `offset`. If `None`, all
elements to from `offset` to the end of the array are mapped.
read : bool, optional
Allow data to be read from the buffer (sets `GL_MAP_READ_BIT`). This is
ignored if `noSync` is `True`.
write : bool, optional
Allow data to be written to the buffer (sets `GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT`).
noSync : bool, optional
If `True`, GL will not wait until the buffer is free (i.e. not being
processed by the GPU) to map it (sets `GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT`). The
contents of the previous storage buffer are discarded and the driver
returns a new one. This prevents the CPU from stalling until the buffer
is available.
Returns
-------
ndarray
View of the data. The type of the returned array is one which best
matches the data type of the buffer.
Examples
--------
Map a buffer and edit it::
arr = mapBuffer(vbo)
arr[:, :] += 2.0 # add 2 to all values
unmapBuffer(vbo) # call when done
# Don't ever modify `arr` after calling `unmapBuffer`. Delete it if
# necessary to prevent it form being used.
del arr
Modify a sub-range of data by specifying `start` and `length`, indices
correspond to values, not byte offsets::
arr = mapBuffer(vbo, start=12, end=24)
arr[:, :] *= 10.0
unmapBuffer(vbo)
"""
npType, glType = GL_COMPAT_TYPES[vbo.dataType]
start *= ctypes.sizeof(glType)
if length is None:
length = vbo.size
else:
length *= ctypes.sizeof(glType)
accessFlags = GL.GL_NONE
if noSync: # if set, don't set GL_MAP_READ_BIT
accessFlags |= GL.GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT
elif read:
accessFlags |= GL.GL_MAP_READ_BIT
if write:
accessFlags |= GL.GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT
bindVBO(vbo) # bind the buffer for mapping
# get pointer to the buffer
bufferPtr = GL.glMapBufferRange(
vbo.target,
GL.GLintptr(start),
GL.GLintptr(length),
accessFlags)
bufferArray = np.ctypeslib.as_array(
ctypes.cast(bufferPtr, ctypes.POINTER(glType)),
shape=vbo.shape)
return bufferArray
[docs]def unmapBuffer(vbo):
"""Unmap a previously mapped buffer. Must be called after :func:`mapBuffer`
is called and before any drawing operations which use the buffer are
called. Failing to call this before using the buffer could result in a
system error.
Parameters
----------
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
Vertex buffer descriptor.
Returns
-------
bool
`True` if the buffer has been successfully modified. If `False`, the
data was corrupted for some reason and needs to be resubmitted.
"""
return GL.glUnmapBuffer(vbo.target) == GL.GL_TRUE
[docs]def deleteVBO(vbo):
"""Delete a vertex buffer object (VBO).
Parameters
----------
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
Descriptor of VBO to delete.
"""
if GL.glIsBuffer(vbo.name):
GL.glDeleteBuffers(1, vbo.name)
vbo.name = GL.GLuint(0)
[docs]def setVertexAttribPointer(index,
vbo,
size=None,
offset=0,
normalize=False,
legacy=False):
"""Define an array of vertex attribute data with a VBO descriptor.
In modern OpenGL implementations, attributes are 'generic', where an
attribute pointer index does not correspond to any special vertex property.
Usually the usage for an attribute is defined in the shader program. It is
recommended that shader programs define attributes using the `layout`
parameters::
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 texCoord;
layout (location = 2) in vec3 normal;
Setting attribute pointers can be done like this::
setVertexAttribPointer(0, posVbo)
setVertexAttribPointer(1, texVbo)
setVertexAttribPointer(2, normVbo)
For compatibility with older OpenGL specifications, some drivers will alias
vertex pointers unless they are explicitly defined in the shader. This
allows VAOs the be used with the fixed-function pipeline or older GLSL
versions.
On nVidia graphics drivers (and maybe others), the following attribute
pointers indices are aliased with reserved GLSL names:
* gl_Vertex - 0
* gl_Normal - 2
* gl_Color - 3
* gl_SecondaryColor - 4
* gl_FogCoord - 5
* gl_MultiTexCoord0 - 8
* gl_MultiTexCoord1 - 9
* gl_MultiTexCoord2 - 10
* gl_MultiTexCoord3 - 11
* gl_MultiTexCoord4 - 12
* gl_MultiTexCoord5 - 13
* gl_MultiTexCoord6 - 14
* gl_MultiTexCoord7 - 15
Specifying `legacy` as `True` will allow for old-style pointer definitions.
You must specify the capability as a `GLenum` associated with the pointer
in this case::
setVertexAttribPointer(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY, posVbo, legacy=True)
setVertexAttribPointer(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY, texVbo, legacy=True)
setVertexAttribPointer(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY, normVbo, legacy=True)
Parameters
----------
index : int
Index of the attribute to modify. If `legacy=True`, this value should
be a `GLenum` type corresponding to the capability to bind the buffer
to, such as `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`, `GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`,
`GL_NORMAL_ARRAY`, etc.
vbo : VertexBufferInfo
VBO descriptor.
size : int, optional
Number of components per vertex attribute, can be either 1, 2, 3, or 4.
If `None` is specified, the component size will be inferred from the
`shape` of the VBO. You must specify this value if the VBO is
interleaved.
offset : int, optional
Starting index of the attribute in the buffer.
normalize : bool, optional
Normalize fixed-point format values when accessed.
legacy : bool, optional
Use legacy vertex attributes (ie. `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`,
`GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`, etc.) for backwards compatibility.
Examples
--------
Define a generic attribute from a vertex buffer descriptor::
# set the vertex location attribute
setVertexAttribPointer(0, vboDesc) # 0 is vertex in our shader
GL.glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) # red triangle
# draw the triangle
nIndices, vSize = vboDesc.shape # element size
GL.glDrawArrays(GL.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, nIndices)
If our VBO has interleaved attributes, we can specify `offset` to account
for that::
# define interleaved vertex attributes
# | Position | Texture | Normals |
vQuad = [[ -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], # v0
[ -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], # v1
[ 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], # v2
[ 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]] # v3
# create a VBO with interleaved attributes
vboInterleaved = createVBO(np.asarray(vQuad, dtype=np.float32))
# ... before rendering, set the attribute pointers
GL.glBindBuffer(vboInterleaved.target, vboInterleaved.name)
gltools.setVertexAttribPointer(
0, vboInterleaved, size=3, offset=0) # vertex pointer
gltools.setVertexAttribPointer(
8, vboInterleaved, size=2, offset=3) # texture pointer
gltools.setVertexAttribPointer(
3, vboInterleaved, size=3, offset=5) # normals pointer
# Note, we specified `bind=False` since we are managing the binding
# state. It is recommended that you do this when setting up interleaved
# buffers to avoid re-binding the same buffer.
# draw red, full screen quad
GL.glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
GL.glDrawArrays(GL.GL_QUADS, 0, vboInterleaved.shape[1])
# call these when done if `enable=True`
gltools.disableVertexAttribArray(0)
gltools.disableVertexAttribArray(8)
gltools.disableVertexAttribArray(1)
# unbind the buffer
GL.glBindBuffer(vboInterleaved.target, 0)
"""
if vbo.target != GL.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER:
raise ValueError('VBO must have `target` type `GL_ARRAY_BUFFER`.')
_, glType = GL_COMPAT_TYPES[vbo.dataType]
if size is None:
size = vbo.shape[1]
offset *= ctypes.sizeof(glType)
bindVBO(vbo)
if not legacy:
GL.glEnableVertexAttribArray(index)
GL.glVertexAttribPointer(
index,
size,
vbo.dataType,
GL.GL_TRUE if normalize else GL.GL_FALSE,
vbo.stride,
offset)
else:
GL.glEnableClientState(index)
if index == GL.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY:
GL.glVertexPointer(size, vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
elif index == GL.GL_NORMAL_ARRAY:
GL.glNormalPointer(vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
elif index == GL.GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY:
GL.glTexCoordPointer(size, vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
elif index == GL.GL_COLOR_ARRAY:
GL.glColorPointer(size, vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
elif index == GL.GL_SECONDARY_COLOR_ARRAY:
GL.glSecondaryColorPointer(size, vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
elif index == GL.GL_FOG_COORD_ARRAY:
GL.glFogCoordPointer(vbo.dataType, vbo.stride, offset)
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid `index` enum specified.')
unbindVBO(vbo)
[docs]def enableVertexAttribArray(index, legacy=False):
"""Enable a vertex attribute array. Attributes will be used for use by
subsequent draw operations. Be sure to call :func:`disableVertexAttribArray`
on the same attribute to prevent currently enabled attributes from affecting
later rendering.
Parameters
----------
index : int
Index of the attribute to enable. If `legacy=True`, this value should
be a `GLenum` type corresponding to the capability to bind the buffer
to, such as `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`, `GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`,
`GL_NORMAL_ARRAY`, etc.
legacy : bool, optional
Use legacy vertex attributes (ie. `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`,
`GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`, etc.) for backwards compatibility.
"""
if not legacy:
GL.glEnableVertexAttribArray(index)
else:
GL.glEnableClientState(index)
[docs]def disableVertexAttribArray(index, legacy=False):
"""Disable a vertex attribute array.
Parameters
----------
index : int
Index of the attribute to enable. If `legacy=True`, this value should
be a `GLenum` type corresponding to the capability to bind the buffer
to, such as `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`, `GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`,
`GL_NORMAL_ARRAY`, etc.
legacy : bool, optional
Use legacy vertex attributes (ie. `GL_VERTEX_ARRAY`,
`GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY`, etc.) for backwards compatibility.
"""
if not legacy:
GL.glDisableVertexAttribArray(index)
else:
GL.glDisableClientState(index)
# -------------------------
# Material Helper Functions
# -------------------------
#
# Materials affect the appearance of rendered faces. These helper functions and
# datatypes simplify the creation of materials for rendering stimuli.
#
Material = namedtuple('Material', ['face', 'params', 'textures', 'userData'])
[docs]def createMaterial(params=(), textures=(), face=GL.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK):
"""Create a new material.
Parameters
----------
params : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple`, optional
List of material modes and values. Each mode is assigned a value as
(mode, color). Modes can be GL_AMBIENT, GL_DIFFUSE, GL_SPECULAR,
GL_EMISSION, GL_SHININESS or GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE. Colors must be
a tuple of 4 floats which specify reflectance values for each RGBA
component. The value of GL_SHININESS should be a single float. If no
values are specified, an empty material will be created.
textures : :obj:`list` of :obj:`tuple`, optional
List of texture units and TexImage2D descriptors. These will be written
to the 'textures' field of the returned descriptor. For example,
[(GL.GL_TEXTURE0, texDesc0), (GL.GL_TEXTURE1, texDesc1)]. The number of
texture units per-material is GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS.
face : :obj:`int`, optional
Faces to apply material to. Values can be GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FRONT
and GL_BACK. The default is GL_FRONT_AND_BACK.
Returns
-------
Material :
A descriptor with material properties.
Examples
--------
Creating a new material with given properties::
# The values for the material below can be found at
# http://devernay.free.fr/cours/opengl/materials.html
# create a gold material
gold = createMaterial([
(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.24725, 0.19950, 0.07450, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.75164, 0.60648, 0.22648, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.628281, 0.555802, 0.366065, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.4 * 128.0)])
Use the material when drawing::
useMaterial(gold)
drawVAO( ... ) # all meshes will be gold
useMaterial(None) # turn off material when done
Create a red plastic material, but define reflectance and shine later::
red_plastic = createMaterial()
# you need to convert values to ctypes!
red_plastic.values[GL_AMBIENT] = (GLfloat * 4)(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
red_plastic.values[GL_DIFFUSE] = (GLfloat * 4)(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
red_plastic.values[GL_SPECULAR] = (GLfloat * 4)(0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0)
red_plastic.values[GL_SHININESS] = 0.25 * 128.0
# set and draw
useMaterial(red_plastic)
drawVertexbuffers( ... ) # all meshes will be red plastic
useMaterial(None)
"""
# setup material mode/value slots
matDesc = Material(
face,
{mode: None for mode in (
GL.GL_AMBIENT,
GL.GL_DIFFUSE,
GL.GL_SPECULAR,
GL.GL_EMISSION,
GL.GL_SHININESS)},
dict(),
dict())
if params:
for mode, param in params:
matDesc.params[mode] = \
(GL.GLfloat * 4)(*param) \
if mode != GL.GL_SHININESS else GL.GLfloat(param)
if textures:
maxTexUnits = getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_COMBINED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS)
for unit, texDesc in textures:
if unit <= GL.GL_TEXTURE0 + (maxTexUnits - 1):
matDesc.textures[unit] = texDesc
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid texture unit enum.")
return matDesc
class SimpleMaterial:
"""Class representing a simple material.
This class stores material information to modify the appearance of drawn
primitives with respect to lighting, such as color (diffuse, specular,
ambient, and emission), shininess, and textures. Simple materials are
intended to work with features supported by the fixed-function OpenGL
pipeline.
"""
def __init__(self,
win=None,
diffuseColor=(.5, .5, .5),
specularColor=(-1., -1., -1.),
ambientColor=(-1., -1., -1.),
emissionColor=(-1., -1., -1.),
shininess=10.0,
colorSpace='rgb',
diffuseTexture=None,
specularTexture=None,
opacity=1.0,
contrast=1.0,
face='front'):
"""
Parameters
----------
win : `~psychopy.visual.Window` or `None`
Window this material is associated with, required for shaders and
some color space conversions.
diffuseColor : array_like
Diffuse material color (r, g, b, a) with values between 0.0 and 1.0.
specularColor : array_like
Specular material color (r, g, b, a) with values between 0.0 and
1.0.
ambientColor : array_like
Ambient material color (r, g, b, a) with values between 0.0 and 1.0.
emissionColor : array_like
Emission material color (r, g, b, a) with values between 0.0 and
1.0.
shininess : float
Material shininess, usually ranges from 0.0 to 128.0.
colorSpace : float
Color space for `diffuseColor`, `specularColor`, `ambientColor`, and
`emissionColor`.
diffuseTexture : TexImage2D
specularTexture : TexImage2D
opacity : float
Opacity of the material. Ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 where 1.0 is fully
opaque.
contrast : float
Contrast of the material colors.
face : str
Face to apply material to. Values are `front`, `back` or `both`.
"""
self.win = win
self._diffuseColor = np.zeros((3,), np.float32)
self._specularColor = np.zeros((3,), np.float32)
self._ambientColor = np.zeros((3,), np.float32)
self._emissionColor = np.zeros((3,), np.float32)
self._shininess = float(shininess)
# internal RGB values post colorspace conversion
self._diffuseRGB = np.array((0., 0., 0., 1.), np.float32)
self._specularRGB = np.array((0., 0., 0., 1.), np.float32)
self._ambientRGB = np.array((0., 0., 0., 1.), np.float32)
self._emissionRGB = np.array((0., 0., 0., 1.), np.float32)
# which faces to apply the material
if face == 'front':
self._face = GL.GL_FRONT
elif face == 'back':
self._face = GL.GL_BACK
elif face == 'both':
self._face = GL.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid `face` specified, must be 'front', "
"'back' or 'both'.")
self.colorSpace = colorSpace
self.opacity = opacity
self.contrast = contrast
self.diffuseColor = diffuseColor
self.specularColor = specularColor
self.ambientColor = ambientColor
self.emissionColor = emissionColor
self._diffuseTexture = diffuseTexture
self._normalTexture = None
self._useTextures = False # keeps track if textures are being used
@property
def diffuseTexture(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._diffuseTexture
@diffuseTexture.setter
def diffuseTexture(self, value):
self._diffuseTexture = value
@property
def diffuseColor(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._diffuseColor
@diffuseColor.setter
def diffuseColor(self, value):
self._diffuseColor = np.asarray(value, np.float32)
setColor(self, value, colorSpace=self.colorSpace, operation=None,
rgbAttrib='diffuseRGB', colorAttrib='diffuseColor',
colorSpaceAttrib='colorSpace')
@property
def diffuseRGB(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._diffuseRGB[:3]
@diffuseRGB.setter
def diffuseRGB(self, value):
# make sure the color we got is 32-bit float
self._diffuseRGB = np.zeros((4,), np.float32)
self._diffuseRGB[:3] = (value * self.contrast + 1) / 2.0
self._diffuseRGB[3] = self.opacity
@property
def specularColor(self):
"""Specular color of the material."""
return self._specularColor
@specularColor.setter
def specularColor(self, value):
self._specularColor = np.asarray(value, np.float32)
setColor(self, value, colorSpace=self.colorSpace, operation=None,
rgbAttrib='specularRGB', colorAttrib='specularColor',
colorSpaceAttrib='colorSpace')
@property
def specularRGB(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._specularRGB[:3]
@specularRGB.setter
def specularRGB(self, value):
# make sure the color we got is 32-bit float
self._specularRGB = np.zeros((4,), np.float32)
self._specularRGB[:3] = (value * self.contrast + 1) / 2.0
self._specularRGB[3] = self.opacity
@property
def ambientColor(self):
"""Ambient color of the material."""
return self._ambientColor
@ambientColor.setter
def ambientColor(self, value):
self._ambientColor = np.asarray(value, np.float32)
setColor(self, value, colorSpace=self.colorSpace, operation=None,
rgbAttrib='ambientRGB', colorAttrib='ambientColor',
colorSpaceAttrib='colorSpace')
@property
def ambientRGB(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._ambientRGB[:3]
@ambientRGB.setter
def ambientRGB(self, value):
# make sure the color we got is 32-bit float
self._ambientRGB = np.zeros((4,), np.float32)
self._ambientRGB[:3] = (value * self.contrast + 1) / 2.0
self._ambientRGB[3] = self.opacity
@property
def emissionColor(self):
"""Emission color of the material."""
return self._emissionColor
@emissionColor.setter
def emissionColor(self, value):
self._emissionColor = np.asarray(value, np.float32)
setColor(self, value, colorSpace=self.colorSpace, operation=None,
rgbAttrib='emissionRGB', colorAttrib='emissionColor',
colorSpaceAttrib='colorSpace')
@property
def emissionRGB(self):
"""Diffuse color of the material."""
return self._emissionRGB[:3]
@emissionRGB.setter
def emissionRGB(self, value):
# make sure the color we got is 32-bit float
self._emissionRGB = np.zeros((4,), np.float32)
self._emissionRGB[:3] = (value * self.contrast + 1) / 2.0
self._emissionRGB[3] = self.opacity
@property
def shininess(self):
return self._shininess
@shininess.setter
def shininess(self, value):
self._shininess = float(value)
[docs]def useMaterial(material, useTextures=True):
"""Use a material for proceeding vertex draws.
Parameters
----------
material : :obj:`Material` or None
Material descriptor to use. Default material properties are set if None
is specified. This is equivalent to disabling materials.
useTextures : :obj:`bool`
Enable textures. Textures specified in a material descriptor's 'texture'
attribute will be bound and their respective texture units will be
enabled. Note, when disabling materials, the value of useTextures must
match the previous call. If there are no textures attached to the
material, useTexture will be silently ignored.
Returns
-------
None
Notes
-----
1. If a material mode has a value of None, a color with all components 0.0
will be assigned.
2. Material colors and shininess values are accessible from shader programs
after calling 'useMaterial'. Values can be accessed via built-in
'gl_FrontMaterial' and 'gl_BackMaterial' structures (e.g.
gl_FrontMaterial.diffuse).
Examples
--------
Use a material when drawing::
useMaterial(metalMaterials.gold)
drawVAO( ... ) # all meshes drawn will be gold
useMaterial(None) # turn off material when done
"""
if material is not None:
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL) # disable color tracking
face = material._face
GL.glColorMaterial(face, GL.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE)
# convert data in light class to ctypes
diffuse = np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes(material._diffuseRGB)
specular = np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes(material._specularRGB)
ambient = np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes(material._ambientRGB)
emission = np.ctypeslib.as_ctypes(material._emissionRGB)
# pass values to OpenGL
GL.glMaterialfv(face, GL.GL_DIFFUSE, diffuse)
GL.glMaterialfv(face, GL.GL_SPECULAR, specular)
GL.glMaterialfv(face, GL.GL_AMBIENT, ambient)
GL.glMaterialfv(face, GL.GL_EMISSION, emission)
GL.glMaterialf(face, GL.GL_SHININESS, material.shininess)
# setup textures
if useTextures and material.diffuseTexture is not None:
material._useTextures = True
GL.glEnable(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D)
if material.diffuseTexture is not None:
bindTexture(material.diffuseTexture, 0)
else:
material._useTextures = False
GL.glBindTexture(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0)
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D)
else:
for mode, param in defaultMaterial.params.items():
GL.glEnable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL)
GL.glMaterialfv(GL.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, mode, param)
def clearMaterial(material):
"""Stop using a material."""
for mode, param in defaultMaterial.params.items():
GL.glMaterialfv(GL.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, mode, param)
if material._useTextures:
if material.diffuseTexture is not None:
unbindTexture(material.diffuseTexture)
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_TEXTURE_2D)
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL) # disable color tracking
# -------------------------
# Lighting Helper Functions
# -------------------------
Light = namedtuple('Light', ['params', 'userData'])
[docs]def createLight(params=()):
"""Create a point light source.
"""
# setup light mode/value slots
lightDesc = Light({mode: None for mode in (
GL.GL_AMBIENT,
GL.GL_DIFFUSE,
GL.GL_SPECULAR,
GL.GL_POSITION,
GL.GL_SPOT_CUTOFF,
GL.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION,
GL.GL_SPOT_EXPONENT,
GL.GL_CONSTANT_ATTENUATION,
GL.GL_LINEAR_ATTENUATION,
GL.GL_QUADRATIC_ATTENUATION)}, dict())
# configure lights
if params:
for mode, value in params:
if value is not None:
if mode in [GL.GL_AMBIENT, GL.GL_DIFFUSE, GL.GL_SPECULAR,
GL.GL_POSITION]:
lightDesc.params[mode] = (GL.GLfloat * 4)(*value)
elif mode == GL.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION:
lightDesc.params[mode] = (GL.GLfloat * 3)(*value)
else:
lightDesc.params[mode] = GL.GLfloat(value)
return lightDesc
[docs]def useLights(lights, setupOnly=False):
"""Use specified lights in successive rendering operations. All lights will
be transformed using the present modelview matrix.
Parameters
----------
lights : :obj:`List` of :obj:`Light` or None
Descriptor of a light source. If None, lighting is disabled.
setupOnly : :obj:`bool`, optional
Do not enable lighting or lights. Specify True if lighting is being
computed via fragment shaders.
"""
if lights is not None:
if len(lights) > getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_LIGHTS):
raise IndexError("Number of lights specified > GL_MAX_LIGHTS.")
GL.glEnable(GL.GL_NORMALIZE)
for index, light in enumerate(lights):
enumLight = GL.GL_LIGHT0 + index
# light properties
for mode, value in light.params.items():
if value is not None:
GL.glLightfv(enumLight, mode, value)
if not setupOnly:
GL.glEnable(enumLight)
if not setupOnly:
GL.glEnable(GL.GL_LIGHTING)
else:
# disable lights
if not setupOnly:
for enumLight in range(getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_LIGHTS)):
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_LIGHT0 + enumLight)
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_NORMALIZE)
GL.glDisable(GL.GL_LIGHTING)
[docs]def setAmbientLight(color):
"""Set the global ambient lighting for the scene when lighting is enabled.
This is equivalent to GL.glLightModelfv(GL.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, color)
and does not contribute to the GL_MAX_LIGHTS limit.
Parameters
----------
color : :obj:`tuple`
Ambient lighting RGBA intensity for the whole scene.
Notes
-----
If unset, the default value is (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0) when GL_LIGHTING is
enabled.
"""
GL.glLightModelfv(GL.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, (GL.GLfloat * 4)(*color))
# -------------------------
# 3D Model Helper Functions
# -------------------------
#
# These functions are used in the creation, manipulation and rendering of 3D
# model data.
#
[docs]class ObjMeshInfo:
"""Descriptor for mesh data loaded from a Wavefront OBJ file.
"""
__slots__ = [
'vertexPos',
'texCoords',
'normals',
'faces',
'extents',
'mtlFile']
[docs] def __init__(self,
vertexPos=None,
texCoords=None,
normals=None,
faces=None,
extents=None,
mtlFile=None):
self.vertexPos = vertexPos
self.texCoords = texCoords
self.normals = normals
self.faces = faces
self.extents = extents
self.mtlFile = mtlFile
[docs]def loadObjFile(objFile):
"""Load a Wavefront OBJ file (*.obj).
Loads vertex, normals, and texture coordinates from the provided `*.obj` file
into arrays. These arrays can be processed then loaded into vertex buffer
objects (VBOs) for rendering. The `*.obj` file must at least specify vertex
position data to be loaded successfully. Normals and texture coordinates are
optional.
Faces can be either triangles or quads, but not both. Faces are grouped by
their materials. Index arrays are generated for each material present in the
file.
Data from the returned `ObjMeshInfo` object can be used to create vertex
buffer objects and arrays for rendering. See `Examples` below for details on
how to do this.
Parameters
----------
objFile : :obj:`str`
Path to the `*.OBJ` file to load.
Returns
-------
ObjMeshInfo
Mesh data.
See Also
--------
loadMtlFile : Load a `*.mtl` file.
Notes
-----
1. This importer should work fine for most sanely generated files. Export
your model with Blender for best results, even if you used some other
package to create it.
2. The mesh cannot contain both triangles and quads.
Examples
--------
Loading a `*.obj` mode from file::
objModel = loadObjFile('/path/to/file.obj')
# load the material (*.mtl) file, textures are also loaded
mtllib = loadMtl('/path/to/' + objModel.mtlFile)
Creating separate vertex buffer objects (VBOs) for each vertex attribute::
vertexPosVBO = createVBO(objModel.vertexPos)
texCoordVBO = createVBO(objModel.texCoords)
normalsVBO = createVBO(objModel.normals)
Create vertex array objects (VAOs) to draw the mesh. We create VAOs for each
face material::
objVAOs = {} # dictionary for VAOs
# for each material create a VAO
# keys are material names, values are index buffers
for material, faces in objModel.faces.items():
# convert index buffer to VAO
indexBuffer = \
gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(), # flatten face index for element array
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
# see `setVertexAttribPointer` for more information about attribute
# pointer indices
objVAOs[material] = gltools.createVAO(
{0: vertexPosVBO, # 0 = gl_Vertex
8: texCoordVBO, # 8 = gl_MultiTexCoord0
2: normalsVBO}, # 2 = gl_Normal
indexBuffer=indexBuffer)
# if using legacy attribute pointers, do this instead ...
# objVAOs[key] = createVAO({GL_VERTEX_ARRAY: vertexPosVBO,
# GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY: texCoordVBO,
# GL_NORMAL_ARRAY: normalsVBO},
# indexBuffer=indexBuffer,
# legacy=True) # this needs to be `True`
To render the VAOs using `objVAOs` created above, do the following::
for material, vao in objVAOs.items():
useMaterial(mtllib[material])
drawVAO(vao)
useMaterial(None) # disable materials when done
Optionally, you can create a single-storage, interleaved VBO by using
`numpy.hstack`. On some GL implementations, using single-storage buffers
offers better performance::
interleavedData = numpy.hstack(
(objModel.vertexPos, objModel.texCoords, objModel.normals))
vertexData = createVBO(interleavedData)
Creating VAOs with interleaved, single-storage buffers require specifying
additional information, such as `size` and `offset`::
objVAOs = {}
for key, val in objModel.faces.items():
indexBuffer = \
gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(),
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
objVAOs[key] = createVAO({0: (vertexData, 3, 0), # size=3, offset=0
8: (vertexData, 2, 3), # size=2, offset=3
2: (vertexData, 3, 5), # size=3, offset=5
indexBuffer=val)
Drawing VAOs with interleaved buffers is exactly the same as shown before
with separate buffers.
"""
# open the file, read it into memory
with open(objFile, 'r') as f:
objBuffer = StringIO(f.read())
mtlFile = None
# unsorted attribute data lists
positionDefs = []
texCoordDefs = []
normalDefs = []
vertexAttrs = {}
# material groups
materialGroup = None
materialGroups = {}
nVertices = nTextureCoords = nNormals = nFaces = 0
vertexIdx = 0
# first pass, examine the file and load up vertex attributes
for line in objBuffer.readlines():
line = line.strip() # clean up like
if line.startswith('v '):
positionDefs.append(tuple(map(float, line[2:].split(' '))))
nVertices += 1
elif line.startswith('vt '):
texCoordDefs.append(tuple(map(float, line[3:].split(' '))))
nTextureCoords += 1
elif line.startswith('vn '):
normalDefs.append(tuple(map(float, line[3:].split(' '))))
nNormals += 1
elif line.startswith('f '):
faceAttrs = [] # attributes this face
for attrs in line[2:].split(' '): # triangle vertex attrs
if attrs not in vertexAttrs.keys():
vertexAttrs[attrs] = vertexIdx
vertexIdx += 1
faceAttrs.append(vertexAttrs[attrs])
materialGroups[materialGroup].append(faceAttrs)
nFaces += 1
elif line.startswith('o '): # ignored for now
pass
elif line.startswith('g '): # ignored for now
pass
elif line.startswith('usemtl '):
foundMaterial = line[7:]
if foundMaterial not in materialGroups.keys():
materialGroups[foundMaterial] = []
materialGroup = foundMaterial
elif line.startswith('mtllib '):
mtlFile = line.strip()[7:]
# at the very least, we need vertices and facedefs
if nVertices == 0 or nFaces == 0:
raise RuntimeError(
"Failed to load OBJ file, file contains no vertices or faces.")
# convert indices for materials to numpy arrays
for key, val in materialGroups.items():
materialGroups[key] = np.asarray(val, dtype=int)
# indicate if file has any texture coordinates of normals
hasTexCoords = nTextureCoords > 0
hasNormals = nNormals > 0
# lists for vertex attributes
vertexPos = []
vertexTexCoord = []
vertexNormal = []
# populate vertex attribute arrays
for attrs, idx in vertexAttrs.items():
attr = attrs.split('/')
vertexPos.append(positionDefs[int(attr[0]) - 1])
if len(attr) > 1: # has texture coords
if hasTexCoords:
if attr[1] != '': # texcoord field not empty
vertexTexCoord.append(texCoordDefs[int(attr[1]) - 1])
else:
vertexTexCoord.append([0., 0.]) # fill with zeros
if len(attr) > 2: # has normals too
if hasNormals:
vertexNormal.append(normalDefs[int(attr[2]) - 1])
else:
vertexNormal.append([0., 0., 0.]) # fill with zeros
# convert vertex attribute lists to numeric arrays
vertexPos = np.asarray(vertexPos)
vertexTexCoord = np.asarray(vertexTexCoord)
vertexNormal = np.asarray(vertexNormal)
# compute the extents of the model, needed for axis-aligned bounding boxes
extents = (vertexPos.min(axis=0), vertexPos.max(axis=0))
# resolve the path to the material file associated with the mesh
if mtlFile is not None:
mtlFile = os.path.join(os.path.split(objFile)[0], mtlFile)
return ObjMeshInfo(vertexPos,
vertexTexCoord,
vertexNormal,
materialGroups,
extents,
mtlFile)
[docs]def loadMtlFile(mtllib, texParams=None):
"""Load a material library file (*.mtl).
Parameters
----------
mtllib : str
Path to the material library file.
texParams : list or tuple
Optional texture parameters for loaded textures. Texture parameters are
specified as a list of tuples. Each item specifies the option and
parameter. For instance,
`[(GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL.GL_LINEAR), ...]`. By default, linear
filtering is used for both the minifying and magnification filter
functions. This is adequate for most uses.
Returns
-------
dict
Dictionary of materials. Where each key is the material name found in
the file, and values are `Material` namedtuple objects.
See Also
--------
loadObjFile : Load an `*.OBJ` file.
Examples
--------
Load material associated with an `*.OBJ` file::
objModel = loadObjFile('/path/to/file.obj')
# load the material (*.mtl) file, textures are also loaded
mtllib = loadMtl('/path/to/' + objModel.mtlFile)
Use a material when rendering vertex arrays::
useMaterial(mtllib[material])
drawVAO(vao)
useMaterial(None) # disable materials when done
"""
# open the file, read it into memory
with open(mtllib, 'r') as mtlFile:
mtlBuffer = StringIO(mtlFile.read())
# default texture parameters
if texParams is None:
texParams = {GL.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR,
GL.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: GL.GL_LINEAR}
foundMaterials = {}
foundTextures = {}
thisMaterial = 0
for line in mtlBuffer.readlines():
line = line.strip()
if line.startswith('newmtl '): # new material
thisMaterial = line[7:]
foundMaterials[thisMaterial] = SimpleMaterial()
elif line.startswith('Ns '): # specular exponent
foundMaterials[thisMaterial].shininess = line[3:]
elif line.startswith('Ks '): # specular color
specularColor = np.asarray(list(map(float, line[3:].split(' '))))
specularColor = 2.0 * specularColor - 1
foundMaterials[thisMaterial].specularColor = specularColor
elif line.startswith('Kd '): # diffuse color
diffuseColor = np.asarray(list(map(float, line[3:].split(' '))))
diffuseColor = 2.0 * diffuseColor - 1
foundMaterials[thisMaterial].diffuseColor = diffuseColor
elif line.startswith('Ka '): # ambient color
ambientColor = np.asarray(list(map(float, line[3:].split(' '))))
ambientColor = 2.0 * ambientColor - 1
foundMaterials[thisMaterial].ambientColor = ambientColor
elif line.startswith('map_Kd '): # diffuse color map
# load a diffuse texture from file
textureName = line[7:]
if textureName not in foundTextures.keys():
im = Image.open(
os.path.join(os.path.split(mtllib)[0], textureName))
im = im.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM)
im = im.convert("RGBA")
pixelData = np.array(im).ctypes
width = pixelData.shape[1]
height = pixelData.shape[0]
foundTextures[textureName] = createTexImage2D(
width,
height,
internalFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
pixelFormat=GL.GL_RGBA,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
data=pixelData,
unpackAlignment=1,
texParams=texParams)
foundMaterials[thisMaterial].diffuseTexture = \
foundTextures[textureName]
return foundMaterials
[docs]def createUVSphere(radius=0.5, sectors=16, stacks=16, flipFaces=False):
"""Create a UV sphere.
Procedurally generate a UV sphere by specifying its radius, and number of
stacks and sectors. The poles of the resulting sphere will be aligned with
the Z-axis.
Surface normals and texture coordinates are automatically generated. The
returned normals are computed to produce smooth shading.
Parameters
----------
radius : float, optional
Radius of the sphere in scene units (usually meters). Default is 0.5.
sectors, stacks : int, optional
Number of longitudinal and latitudinal sub-divisions. Default is 16 for
both.
flipFaces : bool, optional
If `True`, normals and face windings will be set to point inward towards
the center of the sphere. Texture coordinates will remain the same.
Default is `False`.
Returns
-------
tuple
Vertex attribute arrays (position, texture coordinates, and normals) and
triangle indices.
Examples
--------
Create a UV sphere and VAO to render it::
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = \
gltools.createUVSphere(sectors=32, stacks=32)
vertexVBO = gltools.createVBO(vertices)
texCoordVBO = gltools.createVBO(textureCoords)
normalsVBO = gltools.createVBO(normals)
indexBuffer = gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(),
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
vao = gltools.createVAO({0: vertexVBO, 8: texCoordVBO, 2: normalsVBO},
indexBuffer=indexBuffer)
# in the rendering loop
gltools.drawVAO(vao, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
The color of the sphere can be changed by calling `glColor*`::
glColor4f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) # red
gltools.drawVAO(vao, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
Raw coordinates can be transformed prior to uploading to VBOs. Here we can
rotate vertex positions and normals so the equator rests on Z-axis::
r = mt.rotationMatrix(90.0, (1.0, 0, 0.0)) # 90 degrees about +X axis
vertices = mt.applyMatrix(r, vertices)
normals = mt.applyMatrix(r, normals)
"""
# based of the code found here https://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_sphere.html
sectorStep = 2.0 * np.pi / sectors
stackStep = np.pi / stacks
lengthInv = 1.0 / radius
vertices = []
normals = []
texCoords = []
for i in range(stacks + 1):
stackAngle = np.pi / 2.0 - i * stackStep
xy = radius * np.cos(stackAngle)
z = radius * np.sin(stackAngle)
for j in range(sectors + 1):
sectorAngle = j * sectorStep
x = xy * np.cos(sectorAngle)
y = xy * np.sin(sectorAngle)
vertices.append((x, y, z))
nx = x * lengthInv
ny = y * lengthInv
nz = z * lengthInv
normals.append((nx, ny, nz))
s = 1.0 - j / float(sectors)
t = i / float(stacks)
texCoords.append((s, t))
# generate index
indices = []
for i in range(stacks):
k1 = i * (sectors + 1)
k2 = k1 + sectors + 1
for j in range(sectors):
# case for caps
if not flipFaces:
if i != 0:
indices.append((k1, k2, k1 + 1))
if i != stacks - 1:
indices.append((k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1))
else:
if i != 0:
indices.append((k1, k1 + 1, k2))
if i != stacks - 1:
indices.append((k1 + 1, k2 + 1, k2))
k1 += 1
k2 += 1
# convert to numpy arrays
vertices = np.ascontiguousarray(vertices, dtype=np.float32)
normals = np.ascontiguousarray(normals, dtype=np.float32)
texCoords = np.ascontiguousarray(texCoords, dtype=np.float32)
faces = np.ascontiguousarray(indices, dtype=np.uint32)
if flipFaces: # flip normals so they point inwards
normals *= -1.0
return vertices, texCoords, normals, faces
[docs]def createPlane(size=(1., 1.)):
"""Create a plane.
Procedurally generate a plane (or quad) mesh by specifying its size. Texture
coordinates are computed automatically, with origin at the bottom left of
the plane. The generated plane is perpendicular to the +Z axis, origin of
the plane is at its center.
Parameters
----------
size : tuple or float
Dimensions of the plane. If a single value is specified, the plane will
be square. Provide a tuple of floats to specify the width and length of
the plane (eg. `size=(0.2, 1.3)`).
Returns
-------
tuple
Vertex attribute arrays (position, texture coordinates, and normals) and
triangle indices.
Examples
--------
Create a plane mesh and draw it::
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = gltools.createPlane()
vertexVBO = gltools.createVBO(vertices)
texCoordVBO = gltools.createVBO(textureCoords)
normalsVBO = gltools.createVBO(normals)
indexBuffer = gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(),
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
vao = gltools.createVAO({0: vertexVBO, 8: texCoordVBO, 2: normalsVBO},
indexBuffer=indexBuffer)
# in the rendering loop
gltools.drawVAO(vao, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
"""
if isinstance(size, (int, float,)):
sx = sy = float(size) / 2.
else:
sx = size[0] / 2.
sy = size[1] / 2.
vertices = np.ascontiguousarray(
[[-1., 1., 0.],
[ 1., 1., 0.],
[-1., -1., 0.],
[ 1., -1., 0.]])
if sx != 1.:
vertices[:, 0] *= sx
if sy != 1.:
vertices[:, 1] *= sy
# texture coordinates
texCoords = np.ascontiguousarray([[0., 1.], [1., 1.], [0., 0.], [1., 0.]])
# normals, facing +Z
normals = np.zeros_like(vertices)
normals[:, 0] = 0.
normals[:, 1] = 0.
normals[:, 2] = 1.
# generate face index
faces = np.ascontiguousarray([[0, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=np.uint32)
return vertices, texCoords, normals, faces
[docs]def createMeshGridFromArrays(xvals, yvals, zvals=None, tessMode='diag', computeNormals=True):
"""Create a mesh grid using coordinates from arrays.
Generates a mesh using data in provided in 2D arrays of vertex coordinates.
Triangle faces are automatically computed by this function by joining
adjacent vertices at neighbouring indices in the array. Texture coordinates
are generated covering the whole mesh, with origin at the bottom left.
Parameters
----------
xvals, yvals : array_like
NxM arrays of X and Y coordinates. Both arrays must have the same
shape. the resulting mesh will have a single vertex for each X and Y
pair. Faces will be generated to connect adjacent coordinates in the
array.
zvals : array_like, optional
NxM array of Z coordinates for each X and Y. Must have the same shape
as X and Y. If not specified, the Z coordinates will be filled with
zeros.
tessMode : str, optional
Tessellation mode. Specifies how faces are generated. Options are
'center', 'radial', and 'diag'. Default is 'diag'. Modes 'radial' and
'center' work best with odd numbered array dimensions.
computeNormals : bool, optional
Compute normals for the generated mesh. If `False`, all normals are set
to face in the +Z direction. Presently, computing normals is a slow
operation and may not be needed for some meshes.
Returns
-------
tuple
Vertex attribute arrays (position, texture coordinates, and normals) and
triangle indices.
Examples
--------
Create a 3D sine grating mesh using 2D arrays::
x = np.linspace(0, 1.0, 32)
y = np.linspace(1.0, 0.0, 32)
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
zz = np.tile(np.sin(np.linspace(0.0, 32., 32)) * 0.02, (32, 1))
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = \
gltools.createMeshGridFromArrays(xx, yy, zz)
"""
vertices = np.vstack([xvals.ravel(), yvals.ravel()]).T
if zvals is not None:
assert xvals.shape == yvals.shape == zvals.shape
else:
assert xvals.shape == yvals.shape
if zvals is None:
# fill z with zeros if not provided
vertices = np.hstack([vertices, np.zeros((vertices.shape[0], 1))])
else:
vertices = np.hstack([vertices, np.atleast_2d(zvals.ravel()).T])
ny, nx = xvals.shape
# texture coordinates
u = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, nx)
v = np.linspace(1.0, 0.0, ny)
uu, vv = np.meshgrid(u, v)
texCoords = np.vstack([uu.ravel(), vv.ravel()]).T
# generate face index
faces = []
if tessMode == 'diag':
for i in range(ny - 1):
k1 = i * nx
k2 = k1 + nx
for j in range(nx - 1):
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
k1 += 1
k2 += 1
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid value for `tessMode`.')
# convert to numpy arrays
vertices = np.ascontiguousarray(vertices, dtype=np.float32)
texCoords = np.ascontiguousarray(texCoords, dtype=np.float32)
faces = np.ascontiguousarray(faces, dtype=np.uint32)
# calculate surface normals for the mesh
if computeNormals:
normals = calculateVertexNormals(vertices, faces, shading='smooth')
else:
normals = np.zeros_like(vertices, dtype=np.float32)
normals[:, 2] = 1.
return vertices, texCoords, normals, faces
[docs]def createMeshGrid(size=(1., 1.), subdiv=0, tessMode='diag'):
"""Create a grid mesh.
Procedurally generate a grid mesh by specifying its size and number of
sub-divisions. Texture coordinates are computed automatically. The origin is
at the center of the mesh. The generated grid is perpendicular to the +Z
axis, origin of the grid is at its center.
Parameters
----------
size : tuple or float
Dimensions of the mesh. If a single value is specified, the plane will
be square. Provide a tuple of floats to specify the width and length of
the plane (eg. `size=(0.2, 1.3)`).
subdiv : int, optional
Number of subdivisions. Zero subdivisions are applied by default, and
the resulting mesh will only have vertices at the corners.
tessMode : str, optional
Tessellation mode. Specifies how faces are subdivided. Options are
'center', 'radial', and 'diag'. Default is 'diag'. Modes 'radial' and
'center' work best with an odd number of subdivisions.
Returns
-------
tuple
Vertex attribute arrays (position, texture coordinates, and normals) and
triangle indices.
Examples
--------
Create a grid mesh and draw it::
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = gltools.createPlane()
vertexVBO = gltools.createVBO(vertices)
texCoordVBO = gltools.createVBO(textureCoords)
normalsVBO = gltools.createVBO(normals)
indexBuffer = gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(),
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
vao = gltools.createVAO({0: vertexVBO, 8: texCoordVBO, 2: normalsVBO},
indexBuffer=indexBuffer)
# in the rendering loop
gltools.drawVAO(vao, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
Randomly displace vertices off the plane of the grid by setting the `Z`
value per vertex::
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = \
gltools.createMeshGrid(subdiv=11)
numVerts = vertices.shape[0]
vertices[:, 2] = np.random.uniform(-0.02, 0.02, (numVerts,))) # Z
# you must recompute surface normals to get correct shading!
normals = gltools.calculateVertexNormals(vertices, faces)
# create a VAO as shown in the previous example here to draw it ...
"""
if isinstance(size, (int, float,)):
divx = divy = float(size) / 2.
else:
divx = size[0] / 2.
divy = size[1] / 2.
# generate plane vertices
x = np.linspace(-divx, divx, subdiv + 2)
y = np.linspace(divy, -divy, subdiv + 2)
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x, y)
vertices = np.vstack([xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]).T
vertices = np.hstack([vertices, np.zeros((vertices.shape[0], 1))]) # add z
# texture coordinates
u = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, subdiv + 2)
v = np.linspace(1.0, 0.0, subdiv + 2)
uu, vv = np.meshgrid(u, v)
texCoords = np.vstack([uu.ravel(), vv.ravel()]).T
# normals, facing +Z
normals = np.zeros_like(vertices)
normals[:, 0] = 0.
normals[:, 1] = 0.
normals[:, 2] = 1.
# generate face index
faces = []
if tessMode == 'diag':
for i in range(subdiv + 1):
k1 = i * (subdiv + 2)
k2 = k1 + subdiv + 2
for j in range(subdiv + 1):
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
k1 += 1
k2 += 1
elif tessMode == 'center':
lx = len(x)
ly = len(y)
for i in range(subdiv + 1):
k1 = i * (subdiv + 2)
k2 = k1 + subdiv + 2
for j in range(subdiv + 1):
if k1 + j < k1 + int((lx / 2)):
if int(k1 / ly) + 1 > int(ly / 2):
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
else:
faces.append([k1, k2, k2 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k1, k2 + 1])
else:
if int(k1 / ly) + 1 > int(ly / 2):
faces.append([k1, k2, k2 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k1, k2 + 1])
else:
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
k1 += 1
k2 += 1
elif tessMode == 'radial':
lx = len(x)
ly = len(y)
for i in range(subdiv + 1):
k1 = i * (subdiv + 2)
k2 = k1 + subdiv + 2
for j in range(subdiv + 1):
if k1 + j < k1 + int((lx / 2)):
if int(k1 / ly) + 1 > int(ly / 2):
faces.append([k1, k2, k2 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k1, k2 + 1])
else:
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
else:
if int(k1 / ly) + 1 > int(ly / 2):
faces.append([k1, k2, k1 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k2, k2 + 1])
else:
faces.append([k1, k2, k2 + 1])
faces.append([k1 + 1, k1, k2 + 1])
k1 += 1
k2 += 1
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid value for `tessMode`.')
# convert to numpy arrays
vertices = np.ascontiguousarray(vertices, dtype=np.float32)
texCoords = np.ascontiguousarray(texCoords, dtype=np.float32)
normals = np.ascontiguousarray(normals, dtype=np.float32)
faces = np.ascontiguousarray(faces, dtype=np.uint32)
return vertices, texCoords, normals, faces
[docs]def createBox(size=(1., 1., 1.), flipFaces=False):
"""Create a box mesh.
Create a box mesh by specifying its `size` in three dimensions (x, y, z),
or a single value (`float`) to create a cube. The resulting box will be
centered about the origin. Texture coordinates and normals are automatically
generated for each face.
Setting `flipFaces=True` will make faces and normals point inwards, this
allows boxes to be viewed and lit correctly from the inside.
Parameters
----------
size : tuple or float
Dimensions of the mesh. If a single value is specified, the box will
be a cube. Provide a tuple of floats to specify the width, length, and
height of the box (eg. `size=(0.2, 1.3, 2.1)`).
flipFaces : bool, optional
If `True`, normals and face windings will be set to point inward towards
the center of the box. Texture coordinates will remain the same.
Default is `False`.
Returns
-------
tuple
Vertex attribute arrays (position, texture coordinates, and normals) and
triangle indices.
Examples
--------
Create a box mesh and draw it::
vertices, textureCoords, normals, faces = gltools.createBox()
vertexVBO = gltools.createVBO(vertices)
texCoordVBO = gltools.createVBO(textureCoords)
normalsVBO = gltools.createVBO(normals)
indexBuffer = gltools.createVBO(
faces.flatten(),
target=GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,
dataType=GL.GL_UNSIGNED_INT)
vao = gltools.createVAO({0: vertexVBO, 8: texCoordVBO, 2: normalsVBO},
indexBuffer=indexBuffer)
# in the rendering loop
gltools.drawVAO(vao, GL.GL_TRIANGLES)
"""
if isinstance(size, (int, float,)):
sx = sy = sz = float(size) / 2.
else:
sx, sy, sz = size
sx /= 2.
sy /= 2.
sz /= 2.
# vertices
vertices = np.ascontiguousarray([
[ 1., 1., 1.], [ 1., 1., -1.], [ 1., -1., 1.],
[ 1., -1., -1.], [-1., 1., -1.], [-1., 1., 1.],
[-1., -1., -1.], [-1., -1., 1.], [-1., 1., -1.],
[ 1., 1., -1.], [-1., 1., 1.], [ 1., 1., 1.],
[ 1., -1., -1.], [-1., -1., -1.], [ 1., -1., 1.],
[-1., -1., 1.], [-1., 1., 1.], [ 1., 1., 1.],
[-1., -1., 1.], [ 1., -1., 1.], [ 1., 1., -1.],
[-1., 1., -1.], [ 1., -1., -1.], [-1., -1., -1.]
], dtype=np.float32)
# multiply vertex coordinates by box dimensions
if sx != 1.:
vertices[:, 0] *= sx
if sy != 1.:
vertices[:, 1] *= sy
if sz != 1.:
vertices[:, 2] *= sz
# normals for each side
normals = np.repeat(
[[ 1., 0., 0.], # +X
[-1., 0., 0.], # -X
[ 0., 1., 0.], # +Y
[ 0., -1., 0.], # -Y
[ 0., 0., 1.], # +Z
[ 0., 0., -1.]], # -Z
4, axis=0)
normals = np.ascontiguousarray(normals, dtype=np.float32)
# texture coordinates for each side
texCoords = np.tile([[0., 1.], [1., 1.], [0., 0.], [1., 0.]], (6, 1))
texCoords = np.ascontiguousarray(texCoords, dtype=np.float32)
# vertex indices for faces
faces = np.ascontiguousarray([
[ 0, 2, 1], [ 1, 2, 3], # +X
[ 4, 6, 5], [ 5, 6, 7], # -X
[ 8, 10, 9], [ 9, 10, 11], # +Y
[12, 14, 13], [13, 14, 15], # -Y
[16, 18, 17], [17, 18, 19], # +Z
[20, 22, 21], [21, 22, 23] # -Z
], dtype=np.uint32)
if flipFaces:
faces = np.fliplr(faces)
normals *= -1.0
return vertices, texCoords, normals, faces
[docs]def calculateVertexNormals(vertices, faces, shading='smooth'):
"""Calculate vertex normals given vertices and triangle faces.
Finds all faces sharing a vertex index and sets its normal to either
the face normal if `shading='flat'` or the average normals of adjacent
faces if `shading='smooth'`. Flat shading only works correctly if each
vertex belongs to exactly one face.
The direction of the normals are determined by the winding order of
triangles, assumed counter clock-wise (OpenGL default). Most model
editing software exports using this convention. If not, winding orders
can be reversed by calling::
faces = np.fliplr(faces)
In some case, creases may appear if vertices are at the same location,
but do not share the same index.
Parameters
----------
vertices : array_like
Nx3 vertex positions.
faces : array_like
Nx3 vertex indices.
shading : str, optional
Shading mode. Options are 'smooth' and 'flat'. Flat only works with
meshes where no vertex index is shared across faces.
Returns
-------
ndarray
Vertex normals array with the shame shape as `vertices`. Computed
normals are normalized.
Examples
--------
Recomputing vertex normals for a UV sphere::
# create a sphere and discard normals
vertices, textureCoords, _, faces = gltools.createUVSphere()
normals = gltools.calculateVertexNormals(vertices, faces)
"""
# compute surface normals for all faces
faceNormals = mt.surfaceNormal(vertices[faces])
normals = []
if shading == 'flat':
for vertexIdx in np.unique(faces):
match, _ = np.where(faces == vertexIdx)
normals.append(faceNormals[match, :])
elif shading == 'smooth':
# get all faces the vertex belongs to
for vertexIdx in np.unique(faces):
match, _ = np.where(faces == vertexIdx)
normals.append(mt.vertexNormal(faceNormals[match, :]))
return np.ascontiguousarray(normals) + 0.0
# -----------------------------
# Misc. OpenGL Helper Functions
# -----------------------------
[docs]def getIntegerv(parName):
"""Get a single integer parameter value, return it as a Python integer.
Parameters
----------
pName : int
OpenGL property enum to query (e.g. GL_MAJOR_VERSION).
Returns
-------
int
"""
val = GL.GLint()
GL.glGetIntegerv(parName, val)
return int(val.value)
[docs]def getFloatv(parName):
"""Get a single float parameter value, return it as a Python float.
Parameters
----------
pName : float
OpenGL property enum to query.
Returns
-------
float
"""
val = GL.GLfloat()
GL.glGetFloatv(parName, val)
return float(val.value)
[docs]def getString(parName):
"""Get a single string parameter value, return it as a Python UTF-8 string.
Parameters
----------
pName : int
OpenGL property enum to query (e.g. GL_VENDOR).
Returns
-------
str
"""
val = ctypes.cast(GL.glGetString(parName), ctypes.c_char_p).value
return val.decode('UTF-8')
[docs]def getModelViewMatrix():
"""Get the present model matrix from the OpenGL matrix stack.
Returns
-------
ndarray
4x4 model/view matrix.
"""
modelview = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=np.float32)
GL.glGetFloatv(GL.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, modelview.ctypes.data_as(
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_float)))
modelview[:, :] = np.transpose(modelview)
return modelview
[docs]def getProjectionMatrix():
"""Get the present projection matrix from the OpenGL matrix stack.
Returns
-------
ndarray
4x4 projection matrix.
"""
proj = np.zeros((4, 4), dtype=np.float32, order='C')
GL.glGetFloatv(GL.GL_PROJECTION_MATRIX, proj.ctypes.data_as(
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_float)))
proj[:, :] = np.transpose(proj)
return proj
# OpenGL information type
OpenGLInfo = namedtuple(
'OpenGLInfo',
['vendor',
'renderer',
'version',
'majorVersion',
'minorVersion',
'doubleBuffer',
'maxTextureSize',
'stereo',
'maxSamples',
'extensions',
'userData'])
[docs]def getOpenGLInfo():
"""Get general information about the OpenGL implementation on this machine.
This should provide a consistent means of doing so regardless of the OpenGL
interface we are using.
Returns are dictionary with the following fields::
vendor, renderer, version, majorVersion, minorVersion, doubleBuffer,
maxTextureSize, stereo, maxSamples, extensions
Supported extensions are returned as a list in the 'extensions' field. You
can check if a platform supports an extension by checking the membership of
the extension name in that list.
Returns
-------
OpenGLInfo
"""
return OpenGLInfo(getString(GL.GL_VENDOR),
getString(GL.GL_RENDERER),
getString(GL.GL_VERSION),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAJOR_VERSION),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_MINOR_VERSION),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_DOUBLEBUFFER),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_STEREO),
getIntegerv(GL.GL_MAX_SAMPLES),
[i for i in getString(GL.GL_EXTENSIONS).split(' ')],
dict())
# ---------------------
# OpenGL/VRML Materials
# ---------------------
#
# A collection of pre-defined materials for stimuli. Keep in mind that these
# materials only approximate real-world equivalents. Values were obtained from
# http://devernay.free.fr/cours/opengl/materials.html (08/24/18). There are four
# material libraries to use, where individual material descriptors are accessed
# via property names.
#
# Usage:
#
# useMaterial(metalMaterials.gold)
# drawVAO(myObject)
# ...
#
mineralMaterials = namedtuple(
'mineralMaterials',
['emerald', 'jade', 'obsidian', 'pearl', 'ruby', 'turquoise'])(
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.0215, 0.1745, 0.0215, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.07568, 0.61424, 0.07568, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.633, 0.727811, 0.633, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.6 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.135, 0.2225, 0.1575, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.54, 0.89, 0.63, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.316228, 0.316228, 0.316228, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.1 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.05375, 0.05, 0.06625, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.18275, 0.17, 0.22525, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.332741, 0.328634, 0.346435, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.3 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.25, 0.20725, 0.20725, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (1, 0.829, 0.829, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.296648, 0.296648, 0.296648, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.088 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.1745, 0.01175, 0.01175, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.61424, 0.04136, 0.04136, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.727811, 0.626959, 0.626959, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.6 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.1, 0.18725, 0.1745, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.396, 0.74151, 0.69102, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.297254, 0.30829, 0.306678, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.1 * 128.0)])
)
metalMaterials = namedtuple(
'metalMaterials',
['brass', 'bronze', 'chrome', 'copper', 'gold', 'silver'])(
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.329412, 0.223529, 0.027451, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.780392, 0.568627, 0.113725, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.992157, 0.941176, 0.807843, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.21794872 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.2125, 0.1275, 0.054, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.714, 0.4284, 0.18144, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.393548, 0.271906, 0.166721, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.2 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.774597, 0.774597, 0.774597, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.6 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.19125, 0.0735, 0.0225, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.7038, 0.27048, 0.0828, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.256777, 0.137622, 0.086014, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.1 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.24725, 0.1995, 0.0745, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.75164, 0.60648, 0.22648, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.628281, 0.555802, 0.366065, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.4 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.19225, 0.19225, 0.19225, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.50754, 0.50754, 0.50754, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.508273, 0.508273, 0.508273, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.4 * 128.0)])
)
plasticMaterials = namedtuple(
'plasticMaterials',
['black', 'cyan', 'green', 'red', 'white', 'yellow'])(
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0.1, 0.06, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.06, 0, 0.50980392, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.50196078, 0.50196078, 0.50196078, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.1, 0.35, 0.1, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.45, 0.55, 0.45, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.5, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.55, 0.55, 0.55, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.5, 0.5, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.6, 0.6, 0.5, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.25 * 128.0)])
)
rubberMaterials = namedtuple(
'rubberMaterials',
['black', 'cyan', 'green', 'red', 'white', 'yellow'])(
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.02, 0.02, 0.02, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0.05, 0.05, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.04, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0, 0.05, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.4, 0.5, 0.4, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.04, 0.7, 0.04, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.05, 0, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.5, 0.4, 0.4, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.7, 0.04, 0.04, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)]),
createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.05, 0.05, 0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.7, 0.7, 0.04, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0.078125 * 128.0)])
)
# default material according to the OpenGL spec.
defaultMaterial = createMaterial(
[(GL.GL_AMBIENT, (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_DIFFUSE, (0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SPECULAR, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_EMISSION, (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)),
(GL.GL_SHININESS, 0)])
